COURSE 3 - ANIMALS IN RESEARCH PT 1

Question 1

those against animal testing what are they arguing

Answer 1

• argue the benefits to humans do not justify the harm to animals and teh results cannot be applied

Question 2

those who argue in favour what are they arguing?

Answer 2

animals experimence = needed to advance medical and biological knowledge - risk of harming humans with untested products = too great

Question 3

marshall hall - what was his view point on animal testing

Answer 3

he supported it but unahppily - subjects of animal physiology are sentient - every experiemnt is attended by pain and suffering

Question 4

marshall hall proposed 5 principles - to justify animal research what are they

Answer 4

• lack of alternative
• clear objectives
• the avoidance of repetitive work
• minimise suffering
• full and detailed publication of the results

Question 5

what are some arguments for - pratical arguments

Answer 5

• continuity
• convenience
• usefulness

Question 6

arguments for - ethical

Answer 6

• utilitarianism
• duty to species

Question 7

arguments against - pratical arguments

Answer 7

• discontinuity or continuity
• ecological validity
• generalisation of results

Question 8

ethical arguments - against

Answer 8

• animals have rights
• moral arguments

Question 9

when arguing absolutley no use: benefit/harm

Answer 9

• other groups oppose based on use and or beenfit to humans or other aniamls obtained from these studies
• main claim - benefit to humans does not justify harm to other animals
• resukts obtained from animal models cannot be applied to huamns
• conditions in which results = obtained = not physiological - cannot be used to advance science

Question 10

arguing against - absolutely no use - aniaml rights

Answer 10

• more radical - opposed to use of animals at all - claiming animals have rights
• aniamsl = rights
• deserve to live free lives awat from suffering an dexploitations
  = aniamls = not ours to eat, wear, research - use for entertainment

Question 11

argue for - regulated use - restrictions and controls

Answer 11

• most common - acceptance of animal models
• contrasints come from:
• harm vs benefit
• licencing and inspections
• constraints on number and species
• requirement for suitable facilities
• competence and qualification requirements

Question 12

What are additional concerns with argueing for with regulated use?

Answer 12

• some feel- safegaurds = difficult to enforce - animal abuse could be undetected
• cost-harm-benefit-analusis - required by guidelines - easily skewered
• outcome of research project may not be known in advance means that still some procedures = useless

Question 13

list some ethical and animal welfare issues

Answer 13

• acknowledge - use of animals - generate ethical & animal welfare
• direct consequences of own actions - so humane endpoints must be clearly defined
• people using aniamls - take RESPONSIBILITIES
• only people with adequate training

Question 14

what legal obligation are there with ethical pricniples with compliance with las EU directive

Answer 14

• other relevant regulations an dpolicies - use of aniamls in research integrate ethical prciniples - incorporate pricniples into design of experiemnts - importance for acceptance for general public
• other ethical pricniples - deal with severity - calssification of procedure - animal re-use and aniaml rehoming

Question 15

what main law - regulate aniaml use in scientific procedures - based on ethical framework are there?

Answer 15

• weighing harm vs benefit - assessment
• applying 3Rs - minimize harm and max benefits
• promotes good animal welfare practices - care nad use
• solid reporting systems - transparency - achieve public accpetance

Question 16

what artical are based on 3Rs

Answer 16

article 4

Question 17

how does article 4 enforce use of 3Rs

Answer 17

• member states - ensure scientifically satisfactory method/testing strat - not entialing use of lvie animals - shall be used instead
• ensure number of animals - reduce to minimum - without compromsing results
• ensure - refinement of breeding, accomodation, care and methods/ procedures - suffering kept to minimum

Question 18

is the use of aniaml tissue replacement, refinement or reduction

Answer 18

• promote reduction - and member staates - facilitate establishment of programs for sharing organs and tissue of aniamls = killed

Question 19

what are the 5 pricniples of freedom

Answer 19

• freedom from hunger and thirst
• freedom from discomfort
• freedom from pain, injury and disease
• freedom to express normal behaviour by own kind - provide

Question 20

what is avoidable harm

Answer 20

• ameliorated by refining experiment or using anaesthetic

Question 21

what is unavoidable harm

Answer 21

• cannot be ameliorated by refinement

Question 22

what is suffering

Answer 22

direct, contingent, cumulative

Question 23

what EU directive articles are involved with severity classification and refinement of pain

Answer 23

• Article 4, article 15, article 16, article 54 (collect and make publically available - info of use of aniamls, severity and origing and species

Question 24

what does the severity calssification determine

Answer 24

degree of pain, suffering over the course of the procedures - coone or more combination of technical acts - carried out on aniams - may cause suffering

Question 25

what doe the assigment of severity take into account?

Answer 25

any intervention or manipulation of aniamsl within a defined procedure

Question 26

what is the severity catagory based on?

Answer 26

most severe effects likely to be experienced after applying appropriate refinement

Question 27

what is artcile 54

Answer 27

report requires fo statistical info of actual severity of pain, suffering, or lasting harm

Question 28

what is taken into consideration for animal reuse

Answer 28

actual severity of procedure

Question 29

how is severity considered throughout the project

Answer 29

- initial study design - prospective severity - projective licence writing and ethical review - through study specific day to day moniotring of aniamls during project - actual severity assessment - upon completion of study provides opportunities to further refine

Question 30

what are the ethical concerns with animal reuse

Answer 30

- cumulative harm of animal but will redce the number of aniamls used in procedures

Question 31

what article is regulating reuse of aniamls

Answer 31

article 16

Question 32

what conditions enable aniaml reuse

Answer 32

- severity of prev procedure - mild or moderate - animal health and well-being = fully restored - future procedure = mild, moderate, non recovery - in accordance with vet advice

Question 33

whn can an animal absolutely not be resued

Answer 33

- against he conditions but also - is aniaml - not been used in more than one procedure that entails severe pain, distress or equivalent suffering

Question 34

what are hte principles of european research ethics

Answer 34

- pricniple of respect for human dignity - principle of utility - principle of precaution - principle of justice

Question 35

when chosing methods - 3Rs implemented in a strict hierarchy of....

Answer 35

- requirement to use of alt method - reduction - restoring to other methods/ implementing test strategies - such as use of in vitro and other methods - reduced and refine th euse of aniamls - refine use of animals