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ABC > Course 3 Section 6 - Routes, Airways and Charts > Flashcards

Course 3 Section 6 - Routes, Airways and Charts Flashcards

1
Q

Airways vs Air Routes

A

Airways are the highways of the sky, used by aircraft to go from one point to another in controlled airspace

Air routes are more like gravel roads, allowing aircraft to move from one point to another, but in uncontrolled airspace, like driving in rural areas

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2
Q

Operation charts are continually updated and published every _____ days?

A

56

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3
Q

Low Level Airway

A

a low level airway is a route within controlled low-level airspace

Controlled low-level airways extend from 2200 feet AGL up to, but not including 18,000 feet ASL

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4
Q

Types of Low Level Airways

A

ATC services are provided in low level airways within specific boundaries

  • VHF/UHF airways
  • LF/MF airways
  • Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF airways
  • T-routes
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5
Q

VHF/UHF Airways

A

VHF/UHF Airways are airways from one VOR or VORTAC to another

A VORTAC is a VOR that also has a tactical air navigation beacon

On aeronautics charts, VHF/UHF airways are indicated by the letter V. They are therefore known as VICTOR AIRWAYS

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6
Q

VHF/UHF Airway Dimension

A

A VHF/UHF airway is protected 4 NM on either side of the airway centreline to a distance of 50.8 NM from the VOR, then within lines that diverge at 4.5 degrees from the VOR until they meet similar lines from the adjacent navaid

The extra width (called splay) is required when the distance between the adjacent facilities is too great to rely on the position data to be accurate within 4 NM of the centre line

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7
Q

LF/MF Airways

LF/MF Airway dimension

A

LF/MF Airways extend from one non-directional beacon (NDB) to another

Dimensions
An LF/MF airways is protected 4.34 NM on either side of the airway centreline to a distance of 49.66 NM from the NDB, and then with lines that diverge at 5 degrees from the NDB until they meet similar lines from the adjacent navaid
Similar to Victor Airways, this splay is required when the distance between the facilities is too great

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8
Q

Combination VHF/UHF LF/MF Airways

Combination VHF/UHF LF/MF Airway dimensions

A

Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF airways extend between a VOR/VORTAC and an NDB

Dimensions
Where a Victor airway is established based on a VOR/VORTAC and NDB, the boundaries of that airway will be the same as those of an LF/MF airway

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9
Q

T-Routes

T-routes dimensions

A

A T-route is a fixed low-level controlled RNAV route that requires GNSS (global navigation satelitte systems) and RNAV (area navigation) systems for use

Dimensions
The protected airspace associated with RNAV T-routes is 10 NM on either side of the centreline. It does not splay because the accuracey of the position data does not diminish between points

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10
Q

Low Level Air Routes

List them as well

A

A low level air route is a route within low-level UNCONTROLLED airspace

Unlike airways, ATC service is not provided for Air routes

Four types

-VHF/UHF
-LF/MF
-Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF
-L-Routes - are fixed RNAV routes that require GNSS RNAV systems for use

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11
Q

High Level Airways

A

a high level airway is a prescribed track between specified fixes in CONTROLLED high-level airspace

On aeronautical charts, high-level airways are indicated by the letter J and are referred to as jet airways

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12
Q

Q-routes

A

Q-routes are high-level fixed RNAV routes

They require an RNAV system with performance capabilities only met by a GNSS or distance measuring equipment/inertial reference unit (DME/IRU) systems

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13
Q

Designated Areas of Controlled Airspace
Controlled Airspace includes:

A
  • Control Zones
  • Terminal Control Areas
  • Control Area Extensions
  • Transition Areas

View the airpsace around a controlled airport as an upside-down wedding cake. we will go through each layer in order starting from the part that touches the ground

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14
Q

Control Zones

A

Control Zones are designated areas around certain aerodromes

The purpose of a control zone is to keep IFR aircraft within controlled airspace during approaches and to facilitate the control of VFR and IFR traffic

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15
Q

Control Zone Dimensions

A
  • If there is a civilian control tower within a terminal control area, the radius of a control zone is normally 7 NM
  • Other control zones have a 5 NM and sometimes a 3 NM radius
  • Military control zones usually have a 10 NM radius

Control zones are usually capped 3000 feet AAE (ABOVE AERODROME ELEVATION) unless otherwise specified

Military control zones are capped at 6000 feet AAE

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16
Q

Terminal Control Area Dimensions

A

A TCA generally has the following dimensions:

INNER CIRCLE: 12 NM RADIUS based at 1200 feet AGL

INTERMEDIATE CIRCLE: 35 NM RADIUS based at 2200 feet AGL

OUTER LIMIT: 45 NM RADIUS based at 9500 feet agl

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17
Q

Control Area Extensions

A

Control Area Extensions (CAEs) are established at some busy airports where controlled airspace is insufficient to permit required separation between IFR arrivals and departures

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18
Q

Control Area Extensions Dimensions

A

CAEs extend from 2200 feet AGL (unless otherwise specified) up to, BUT NOT INCLUDING, 18,000 feet ASL

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19
Q

Transition Areas

A

Transition areas are established when it is considered advantageous or necessary to provide additional controlled airspace for the containment of IFR operations

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20
Q

Transition Areas Dimensions

A

Transition areas extend from 700 feet AGL (unless otherwise specified) to the base of the overlying controlled airspace
The radius is usually 15 NM from the aerodrome coordinates, but it must be large enough to contain all of the aerodrome published instrument approach procedures

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21
Q

Define Navaid

A

Any visual or electronic device, airborne or on the surface of the earth, that provides point to point guidance information or position data to aircraft in flight

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22
Q

Define RNAV

A

Area navigation RNAV
a method of navigation that permits operation of aircraft on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground or space based navigational aids

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23
Q

Define TACAN

A

Tactical air navigation beacon

Navigation aids used by the military that provide bearing and distance to a ground or ship bourne station

A TACAN is a more accurate version of the VOR/DME system

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24
Q

Define ILS

A

A radio navigation system that provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance to the runway during a precision final approach

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25
Q

Define GNSS

A

Global navigation satellite system

Global civilian aviation system that uses a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth to determine position

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26
Q

How are airways and air routes identified on radio?

A

phonetic alphabet is used mostly. Numbers are pronounced individually

Airway
Airway letter designator + airway number
G1 GOLF ONE
V5 VICTOR FIVE

Air route
route letter designator + route number
RR3 ROMEO ROMEO THREE
BR4 BRAVO ROMEO FOUR

Jet airways
(JET + airway number)
J500 JET FIVE ZERO ZERO

RNAV Low altitude (T-routes)
(TANGO + route number)
T210 TANGO TWO ONE ZERO

RNAV High altitude (Q-routes)
**(Q (CUE) + route number)
Q145 Q ONE FOUR FIVE

27
Q

Minimum IFR Altitude

A

Minimum IFR altitude is the lowest IFR altitude established for use in a specified airspace

Depending on the airspace involved, the minimum IFR altitude may be one of the following
- Minimum obstacle clearance altitude
- Minimum enroute altitude
- Minimum sector altitude
- Minimum vectoring altitude
- Safe altitude 100 NM
- Area minimum altitude
- Transition altitude
- Minimum reception altitude

The minimum IFR altitude provides obstacle clearance but may or may not be within controlled airspace

28
Q

Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitutde

A

The minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA) is the altitude above sea level between specified fixes on airways or air routes that meets IFR obstacle clearance requirements for the route segment in question

published on aeronautical charts

29
Q

Minimum Enroute Altitude

A

The minimum enroute altitude MEA is the altitude above sea level between specified fixes on airways and air routes that allows reception of an acceptable navigational signal from a NAVAID and provides terrain clearance

It is published on navigation charts

30
Q

Minimum Sector Altitude

A

The minimum sector altitude (MSA) is the lowest altitude that provides a minimum clearance of 1000 feet under conditions of standard temperature and pressure above all objects located in an area contained within a sector of a circle with a 25 NM radius centred on a radio aid to navigation or a specified point

This is published on aeronautical charts

According to the canada air pilot CAP chart, the minimum sector altitude in the northwest quadrant of deer lake regional airport YDF is 3600 feet

31
Q

Minimum vectoring altitude

A

the minimum vectoring altitude (MVA) is the lowest altitude for vectoring aircraft by ATC that meets obstacle clearance requirements and radio coverage requirements in the airspace provided.

These altitudes are used by controllers to ensure that while providing surveillance control service, they are providing ground clearance and radio coverage as well

These altitudes are usually published in the Unit Operations Manual (UOM)

32
Q

Safe Altitude 100 NM

A

Safe altitude 100 NM is the lowest altitude that provides a minimum clearance of 1000 feet above all obstacles within 100 NM of an aerodrome

In a designated mountainous region, safe altitude 100 NM provides a minimum clearance of 1500 or 2000 feet as appropriate

Safe altitutude 100 NM applies under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. To ensure terrain clearance in cold conditions, pilots must use an altitude correction chart to account for instrument error

This altitude is published on aeronautical charts

According to the Canada Air Pilot CAP chart, the safe altitude 100NM at the north battleford airport YQW is 4600 feet

33
Q

Area minimum altitude

A

Area minimum altitude (AMA) is the lowest altitude that provides a minimum clearance of of 1000 feet above all obstacles located in the area specified

In designated mountainous regions, AMA provides a minimum clearance of 2000 feet

Clearance is rounded up to the next 100 foot increment

This altitude may be used under instrument meteorological conditions IMC and under conditions of standard pressure and temperature

34
Q

Transition Altitude

A

Transition altitude is the highest altitude at which the vertical position of the aricraft is expressed in feet. Above it, the vertical position is expressed as a flight level

35
Q

Minimum reception altitude

A

When applied to a specific VHF/UHF intersection, the minimum reception altitude (MRA) is the lowest altitude above sea level (ASL) at which acceptable navigational coverage is received.

36
Q

IFR Airport Routing SIDs and STARs

A

Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and standard terminal arrival routes (STARs) are three dimensional IFR routes produced with the objective of expediting the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. They are different for every airport

SIDs and STARs aim to separate traffic by using specific routings, levels and speed restrictions. They are published in the CANADA AIR PILOT (CAP) for pilot and controller use

There can be multiple SIDs and STARs for a given aerodrome depending on the number of runways, the type of aircraft departing and arriving, destination, point of departure and other factors. Bigger airports tend to have more published SIDs and STARs. Small airports might not have any

Depending on the flight plan filed by the pilot, ATC will issue a SID and STAR as required

37
Q

Standard Instrument Departure

A

SIDs are meant to help aircraft transition form the departure to the enroute phase of flight

SIDs may be either:

  • Pilot Navigation SIDs
    The pilot is required to use the applicable SID chart as reference for navigation to the enroute phase
  • Vector SIDs
    ATC will provide navigational guidance (vectors) to a filed or assigned route, or to a fix depicted on the applicable SID chart. Pilots are expected to use the SID chart as a reference for navigation until the controller issues vectors
38
Q

Name the six types of charts

A

VFR Aeronautical charts
Canada Air Pilot
Terminal Charts
Enroute Low Altitude Charts
Enroute High Altitude Charts
Canada Flight Supplement

39
Q

VFR Aeronautical Charts (three key sources)

A

VFR Terminal Area Charts
VFR Navigation Charts
World Aeronautical Charts

40
Q

VFR Terminal Area Charts

A

VFR terminal area charts (VTAs) provide detailed information to VFR pilots OPERATING IN BUSY TERMINAL AREAS

VTAs allow VFR pilots to navigate more precisely in a terminal area

41
Q

VFR Navigation Charts

A

The purpose of VFR navigation charts (VNCs) is to provide navigation information to pilots DURING THE ENROUTE PORTION OF A VFR FLIGHT

VNCs including information on
- hydrography
- airports
- navigation aids
- airways and other controlled airspace
- enroute hazards such as restricted areas, advisory areas and obstructions

42
Q

World Aeronautical Charts

A

World Aeronautical charts (WACs) are used for flight planning and in-flight navigation ON EXTENDED CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHTS AT LOW-TO-MEDIUM ALTITUDES AND MEDIUM-TO-HIGH AIRSPEED

WACs cover a larger area than VNCs and are useful for longer range VFR flights. However, they lack the detail of VNCs

43
Q

Canada Air Pilot

A
44
Q

Terminal Charts

A

Terminal Charts are enroute charts that provide IFR pilots with navigational information in BUSY TERMINAL ENVIRONMENTS such as vancouver, edmonton, calgary, ottawa, toronto and montreal

45
Q

Enroute Low Altitude Charts

A

Enroute low altitude charts (LO charts) provide navigation information for IFR flights in LOW LEVEL AIRSPACE

LO charts are intended for use up to, but not including, 18,000 feet ASL within the Canadian domestic airspace (CDA)

They also cover airspace over international waters and foreign territory where Canada has the rsponsibility to provide ATC services

LO charts provide the following information:
- Airways and route data, minimum altitudes, headings and distances
- Flight information boundaries
- Limited airport information
- Radio Aids and frequencies
- Reporting points
- Special use airspace dimensions

46
Q

Enroute High Altitude Charts

A

Enroute high altitude charts (HI charts) provide pilots with navigational information required to navigate and HIGHER ALTITUDES

Hi charts consist of four (SIX) charts that depict the airspace over Canada and the North atlantic at 18,000 ASL and above

Hi charts provide the following inormation:
- All radio navigation, such as airways and NAVAIDs
- reporting points and frequencies
- Limited topographical features

47
Q

Canada Flight Supplement

A
48
Q

Methods of representing chart scales (three types - list them)

A

In words
As a fraction
As a graduated line

49
Q

Methods of representing chart scales: In words

A
50
Q

Methods of representing chart scales: As a fraction

A
51
Q

Methods of representing chart scales: As a graduated line

A
52
Q

Spotlight on VNC Charts: The upside down V

A
53
Q

Spotlight on VNC charts: control zones

A
54
Q

Spotlight on VNC charts: NDB Frequencies

A
55
Q

Spotlight on VNC charts: restricted airports

A

The blank circle indicates a land aerodrome in the “other aerodrome” category. If it has an H in it, its a heliport. the (R) in the field name indicates that it is a restricted use aerodrome

56
Q

Spotlight on VNC charts: ATIS, Unlit Tower, FIC RADIO

A
57
Q

Spotlight on VNC charts: Victor Airways

A
58
Q

Spotlight on VNC charts: VOR/DME

A
59
Q

Spotlight on LO charts: Airport info

A
60
Q

Spotlight on LO charts: NDB Frequencies

A
61
Q

Spotlight on LO charts: Air routes

A
62
Q

Spotlight on LO charts: Minimum Reception Altitude

A
63
Q

Spotlight on LO charts: Distance between fixes

A

ABC (31 decks)

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