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Infection 2023 > Covid 19 (Sars Cov 2) > Flashcards

Covid 19 (Sars Cov 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Structure Covid-19

A

Large
enveloped
pleomorphic

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2
Q

Genetic material

A

ssRNA (+ve)

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3
Q

Surface antigen covid 19

A

Spike glycoprotein (required for entry)

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4
Q

Proteins covid 19

A

Spike glycoprotein
Membrane protein
Envelope protein
(lipid bilayer)

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5
Q

Development of SARS

A

Sars Cov 1
Mers
Sars Cov 2

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6
Q

Sars Cov 1&2 bind to

A

ACE2 protein

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7
Q

Mers binds to

A

DDP4

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8
Q

Sars Cov 1

A

Asia 2002

Bats –> civets –> humans

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9
Q

MERS

A

Middle east 2012

Bats –> camels –> humans

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10
Q

Sars Cov 2

A

Wuhan, China 2019

Bats via unknown

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11
Q

All Coronaviruses came from…

A

BATS

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12
Q

Transmission Covid

A

Airborne (suspended, remain for a while)

droplets (coughs and sneezes create droplets of saliva and mucus)

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13
Q

Droplet vs airborne sizes

A

Droplets >5 microns

Airborne <5 microns

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14
Q

Barriers to Coronavirus

A

Mucus traps virus particles
Ciliated respiratory epithelium
Lungs: IgA, natural killer and macrophages

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15
Q

How does virus enter cells?

A

Spike protein binds to ACE2 membrane (lungs, GI, heart and kidneys)
Receptor mediated endocytosis (cell envaginates around virus)

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16
Q

How does coronavirus replicate?

A

ssRNA +ve –> ssRNA -ve –> ssRNA +ve
(RNA dependent RNA polymerase)
ssRNA +ve + viral proteins = nucleocapsid

(viral proteins come from ssRNA +ve)

17
Q

Enzyme involved in coronavirus replication

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

18
Q

Incubation period omicron

A

3 days

19
Q

Top 5 symptoms of omicron

A 
Runny nose
Headache
Fatigue
Sneezing
Sore throat
20
Q

Diagnosis of COVID 19 methods

A

RT-qPCR

Lateral flow test

21
Q

RT-qPCR stands for…

A

Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR

Nasopharyngeal swap

22
Q

Method of RT-qPCR

A

Swab
Extract RNA and convert to DNA
Amplify via PCR with SARS-COV2 primers
Viral RNA presence = active infection

23
Q

Requirements to convert covid RNA to DNA and amplify

A 
Reverse transcriptase
Sequence specific primers
DNA polymerase
dNTP (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate)
mRNA
24
Q

Lateral flow explained

A

Antibodies on lateral flow
Antigens on virus bind to antibodies
Antibodies dragged up test line by antigens
Antibodies bind to 2nd antibody to give visual result

25
Q

LFT vs PCR

A

LFT less sensitive but very specific (antibody are specific)
LFT shows +ve when infectious (tests for surface proteins)
PCR tests for genetic material - can remain for weeks/months after

26
Q

Why do we get variants of coronavirus?

A 
Constantly replicating (10 hour life cycle)
RNA polymerase: high error rate and lack of proofreading 
= mutations (genetic variation/resistance)
27
Q

Different covid variants

A 
Alpha (May, UK)
Beta (August, south africa)
Gamma (November, Brazil)
Delta (October, India)
Omicron (November, everywhere)
28
Q

Early variants

A

Spread more easily
Vaccines less effective (B-D)
BUT effective protection against severe disease

29
Q

Different vaccines

A

Viral vector
RNA
Whole virus
Protein subunit

30
Q

Viral vector vaccine

A

Harmless virus used
Alter virus to contain some COVID genetic code

(Oxford/Astrazeneca)

31
Q

RNA vaccine

A

Synthetic version of COVID 19 genetic code (mRNA)

Pfizer/Moderna

32
Q

Whole virus vaccine

A

Weakened/inactive virus

CoronaVac

33
Q

Protein subunit vaccine

A

Pieces of Covid 19 virus
eg spike protein fragments

(Novavax)

34
Q

What do whole virus/protein subunit vaccines create?

A

Immune response

35
Q

What do viral vector/RNA vaccines create?

A

Genetic code tells our cells to make spike protein which then triggers immune response

Infection 2023 (29 decks)

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