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BIO 120 > CP 2 The Cell > Flashcards

CP 2 The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of a living organism

A
  • Exhibits growth and development into highly ordered forms
  • Made of one or more cell
  • Building instructions stored in DNA
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Requires energy (ATP)
  • Reproduce on their own
  • Evolve
  • Die
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2
Q

How does Life exhibits emergent properties

A

Individual molecules come together to become increasingly organized and complex

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3
Q

what is Central dogma of molecular biology

A
  • Life based on DNA->RNA->Protein
  • DNA can store tremendous amnts of info
  • DNA storage could last over 1000 years
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4
Q

Are viruses a form of life?

A
  • No, needs DNA,
  • Not universally accepted though
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5
Q

TF Water is the solvent of life and why?

A

T
- Dissolves more molecs than any other solvent
- Dissolves polar and charged molecs

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6
Q

What r the 4 types of macromolecs

A
  • Carbs
  • Lipids
    -proteins
  • Nucleic acids
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7
Q

what are carbs

A

polymers of sugars

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8
Q

are lipids polymers ?

A

No, don’t see alternating units of polymers

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9
Q

what are proteins

A

polymer of amino acids

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10
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotides

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11
Q

How r polymers formed

A
  • Several monomers go thru polymerization (Using dehydration synthesis) to form polymers
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12
Q

what is depolarization

A

polymers broken down using hydrolysis

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13
Q

what r the 4 structures of amino acids

A

Primary structure - amino acid chain
Secondary structure – ex) α-helix, β-sheet
tetrinary structure - folding
Quatrinary structure – assembling with other proteins into a complex

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14
Q

what r 2 polymers of carbohydrates

A

Amylose
Cellulose

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15
Q

Why are cells so small

A
  • Surface are needs to be sufficient for transportation of molecs thru membrane
  • Lrger volumes req more surface area+structural support
  • If the SA is not large enough to meet the demands of cell V, the cell will stop growing
  • High SA, low vol—Low SA, High Vol
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16
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Microscopy

A
  • Resolution: distinguish details of a specimen or sample
  • Magnification: Observed size/actual size(higher magnification increases resolution
  • Contrast: Higher contrast give more details (sharpness)
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17
Q

what is resolution

A

ability to distinguish 2 objects as separate

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18
Q

what is Magnification

A

Observed size/actual size(higher magnification increases resolution

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19
Q

what is Contrast

A

Higher contrast give more details (sharpness)

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20
Q

how does a light microscope work

A
  • Uses lenses to bend light up to 100-fold
  • Used to view specimens in natural colour
  • Uses chemical dyes and fluorescent labelling to increase contrast
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21
Q

what are the 4 types of light microscope

A
  • Brightfield
  • Darkfield
  • Phase-contrast
  • Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
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22
Q

how does a darkfield microscope work

A
  • Provides dark background
  • Light is directed at the specimen at an angle, not directly at the specimen
    Provides better contrast
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23
Q

How does a phase contrast microscope work

A
  • Microscope captures phase changes in the light
    Higher detailed images
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24
Q

How does a DIC microscope work

A
  • Similar to phase contrast
    Gives a 3D type look
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25
Q

What do both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic have

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chromosome
  • Ribosome
  • DNA
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26
Q

What is an electron Microscope+how is it better

A

-Uses electrons to illuminate specimen
-Provides greater magnifications and resolutions

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27
Q

What is a Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)

A
  • Uses very thin tissue slices
  • Chemically fixed and dehydrated
  • Stained with heavy metals
  • Cannot see living cells
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28
Q

What is a scanning election microscope
(SEM)

A
  • Scatter electrons over surface to get depth+3D image
  • Also uses chemicals+ dehydrated + heavy metals
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29
Q

what is Fluorescence Light microscopy

A
  • Uses high intensity shorter wavelength light to hit specimen
  • Specimen then emits low wavelength fluorescence
  • Also uses fluorescence(dyes, proteins, pigments(from specimen))
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30
Q

what is Confocal Fluorescence microscopes

A
  • Increases contrast by capturing very thin slices of the specimen
    Does this by passing light thru a tiny pinhole
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31
Q

what is the endomembrane system

A
  • Divides eukaryotic cells into functional structural compartments
  • Components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
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32
Q

what does the endomembrane system consist of

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane
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33
Q

what is a ribosome

A
  • Composed of 2 subunits
  • Site of protein synthesis
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34
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Continuous of nuclear envelope
    2 types (rough and smooth)
  • Rough ER
    ○ Ribosomes attached
    ○ Synthesizes proteins
  • Smooth ER
    ○ No Ribosome attached
    ○ Synthesize lipids, phospholipids and steroids, not proteins
    ○ Regulates carbohydrate metabolism in some cells
    ○ Stores calcium
    ○ Detoxifies drugs and toxins
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35
Q

what is the ER Lumen

A
  • Further modification, polishing and folding of proteins occur here after they have been made by the ER
  • Then they are transferred to plasma memb. by vesicles
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36
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus

A
  • Shipping and receiving centre
  • Consists of flattened membranous sac
  • Modifies product of ER-chemically modifies proteins
  • Manufactures macromolecs
    ○ Eg) glycolipids
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37
Q

The Surface facing the nucleus in the Golgi apparatus is called

A

ceasface

38
Q

What is the Trans Golgi network (TGN)

A

vesicles leaving with molecs from transface

39
Q

what are cisternae

A

Parallel layers of golgi sacs

40
Q

The Surface facing the membrane in the golgi is called

A

transface

41
Q

what are lysosomes

A
  • Digestive system
  • Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes
  • Formed by budding from Golgi complex
42
Q

what is Autophagy

A

○ Degradation process of which lysosome removes dysfunctional components

○ Allows orderly degradation and recycling cellular components

43
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

○ Cell uses plasma memb. to engulf a large particle
- Common in cells of immune systems

44
Q

what do central vacuoles in plants do

A
  • Storage
  • Maintain internal turgor pressure(pressure of water in cell)
  • Maintain acidic pH
  • Contains enzymes that break down unwanted cellular molecs
  • Provide chemical defence
45
Q

what are vacuoles

A
  • Membrane bound sacs
  • Common in plant and fungal cells
  • Food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis
46
Q

what do central vacuoles do

A
  • Storage
  • Maintain internal turgor pressure(pressure of water in cell)
  • Maintain acidic pH
  • Contains enzymes that break down unwanted cellular molecs
  • Provide chemical defence
47
Q

What are Semi autonomous organelles

A

“Originated from ancient prokaryotic symbiotes, evolved to rely on host cell and can not longer live independently”

48
Q

What r 2 examples of semi autonomous organelles

A

mitochondria
chloroplast

49
Q

What is the mitochondria

A
  • Found in animal and plant
    • Site of cellular respiration
    • Most atp produces here
    • Most O2 is primarily used in mitochondria
50
Q

what is a chloroplast

A
  • Found in only plants and algae
  • Photosyntheis occurs
  • Produces O2
51
Q

what are some traits of semi autonomous cells

A
  • Have their own genome(small circular plasmids)
  • Have their own ribosome
  • Can replicate on their own
  • Have double membranes
  • Size= prokaryotic microbes
52
Q

what do chloroplast and mitochondria have in common

A
  • make apt
  • have internal membranes
  • have folding to increase surface area for energy
  • Double membrane
  • Inner memb. 2 compartments
    ○ Intermembrane space
    ○ Mitochondrial matrix
53
Q

what do chloroplast and mitochondria NOT have in common

A
  • Photosynthesis vs cellular respiration
  • Uses light+CO2 vs Sugars and O2
  • Pancakes = Thylakoids vs Folds = cristae
54
Q

What are 3 examples of other plastids

A
  • Chromoplast
  • Leucoplasts
  • peroxisomes
55
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • cell shape
  • cell polarity
  • cell division
  • cell movement and migration
  • intracellular transport and cytoplasmic organization
56
Q

What does the Cytoskeleton do

A

organizes structures and activities in the cell

57
Q

What is a microtubule

A

hollow tube formed from tubulin dimers

58
Q

what is a tubulin dimmer

A
  • 1 alpha tubulin + 1 beta tubulin = tubulin dimmer
  • these dimmers come together spirally to form a tube
59
Q

What are the main functions of a microtubule

A
  • Maintenance of cell shape
  • Motility (cili and flagella)
  • Chromosome movements in cell division
  • Organelle movements
60
Q

Tf Microtubules have positive and negative ends

A

T, gives them polarity

61
Q

TF Microtubules are always lengthening and shortening

A

T, (polymerization and depolymerization)

62
Q

Which end of the microtubules does the lengthening and shortening occur

A

+ve end

63
Q

Tf microtubules grow from the cells wall

A

F, they grow from a centrosome near the nucleus

64
Q

how are spindle apparatuses formed

A

Centrosome has a pair of centrioles, each with 9 couplets(9+2 complex) of microtubules arranged into a ring spindle apparatus, the microtubules then extend from centrioles.

65
Q

What is a microfilament

A
  • Actin Polymer
  • protofilaments form helix
  • have + and - end
  • grow and shrink( polymerization and depolymerization)
  • growth and shrinkage happens at +ve and -ve ends
66
Q

What are the functions of a microfilament

A
  • maintenance and changing of cell shape
  • muscle contraction
  • Cytoplasmic streaming (move shit around in cell)
  • Cell motiity
  • cell division
67
Q

What is an intermediate filament

think collagen

A
  • Polymers of intermediate filament proteins
  • varied composition depending on cell type
  • don’t have polarity dynamic
  • can be both in and out of cell
68
Q

What r the functions of an intermediate filament

A
  • maintenance of cell shape (tension elements)
  • Anchorage of nucleus to certain other organelles
  • formation of nuclear lamina(line inner surface of nuclear envelope in animals)
69
Q

what are motor proteins

A

Bind filament to 1 end and cargo to the other and walk along cytoskeletal filaments (except intermediate) carrying vesicles and other organelles

70
Q

what are the 3 motor protein families

A
  • Myosins - found in muscle cells - walk along MFs
  • Kinesins - walk along MTs
  • Dyneins - walk along MTs
71
Q

How do microfilaments work in muscle contractions

A
  • Muscle contraction = sliding between actin and myosin filaments
72
Q

what do cilia and flagella have in common

A

Theyre made from:
- Centrioles
○ Forms basal bodies which anchor cilia or flagella
○ 9 doublets of microtubules that forms ring
○ Centre has 2 microtubules
(called 9+2 complex)
○ Dynein motor proteins slide microtubules over each other, Produce movement

73
Q

whats the difference between cilia and flagella

A
  • Quantity (thousands of cilia, 1-8 flagella)
  • Length (cilia much shorter)
  • Beating pattern (cilia random and flagella like propellor)
  • Cilia only found in euk cells, flagella found in both
  • 2 types of cilia (non motile and motile)
    3 types of flagella (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)
74
Q

What is the function of the animal ECM

A

○ Adhesion(keep cells close to each other) ○ Support
○ Protection from external forces
○ Regulate shape
○ Movement
○ Cell division
○ Intercellular comms

75
Q

TF animal ECMs are mostly carbs

A

F, are mostly proteins/glycoproteins.

76
Q

TF the composition of animal ECMs are widely variable depending on the cell type

A

T

77
Q

What does the animal ECM consist of

A
  • Collagen (Skin, bones, tendons, most abundant)
  • Fibronectin (link between integrin and ECM
  • Integrin(receptor protein on membrane)
  • Proteoglycan complex (Polysaccharide molec with proteins and carbs connected)
78
Q

What are intercellular junctions

A

Structures formed by integral membrane proteins - connected to the actin cytoskeleton - by linker proteins

79
Q

what do tight junction proteins do

A

○ Hold plasma membrane of 2 cells tightly attaches
○ Regulate what passes thru the between of the plasma membranes

80
Q

what do desmosomes do

A

○ Anchoring junction
○ Very common in muscle cells
○ Made of intermediate filaments
○ Fasten cells together into strong sheets

81
Q

What do gap junctions do

A

○ Allows cell to cell communication
○ Provide continuous link to cytoplasm’s of connecting cells
○ Pathways for exchange of solutes and other stuff between neighbouring cells

82
Q

what are the 3 types of intercellular junctions

A

Tight
Desmosomes
Gap

83
Q

TF the cell wall is what distinguished plant and animal cells

A

T, almost every cell except for the animal cell has a cell wall

84
Q

what does the plant cell wall do

A
  • Provides protection
  • Structure maintenance
  • Made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins
  • Maintain turgor pressure
85
Q

How many layers of the cell wall are there and what are the called

A

3, Primary, Secondary, plasma membrane

86
Q

2 characteristic of the primary cell wall

A
  • thin and flexible
  • contains plasmodesmata (channel between cells)
87
Q

What r 2 characteristics of the secondary cell wall

A
  • Between plasma memb and primary wall
  • Has lignin which makes it very rigid
88
Q

What is the thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells - enriched with pectin

A

The middle Lamella

89
Q

what is pectin in the middle lamella

A

the glue

90
Q

What is a contractile vacuole

A

It fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores

BIO 120 (10 decks)

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