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Microbiology > CP 5 - Intro to Parasites > Flashcards

CP 5 - Intro to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

definition of parasite

A

an organism which lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense

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2
Q

will parasite always cause disease?

A

not necessarily

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3
Q

definition of host

A

an organism which harbours the parasite

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4
Q

definition of symbiosis

A

living together, close, long term interaction between 2 different species

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5
Q

definition of mutualism

A

an association in which both species benefit from the interaction

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6
Q

definition of parasitism

A

an association in which the parasite derives benefits and the host gives nothing in return but always suffers some injury

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7
Q

definition of commensalism

A

an association in which the parasite only is deriving benefit without causing injury to the host

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8
Q

what are the 3 different classes of hosts?

A

definitive host, intermediate host, paratenic host

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9
Q

what is definitive host?

A

Either harbours the adult stage of the parasite or where the parasite utilizes the sexual method of reproduction eg man is the definitive host

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10
Q

what is intermediate host

A

Harbours the larval or asexual stages of the parasite - some parasites requries 2 intermediate hosts in which to complete life cycle

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11
Q

what is paratenic host

A

Host where the parasite remains viable without further development

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12
Q

what are the 2 different classes of parasites

A

protozoa (micro-parasites) & helminths (macro-parasites)

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13
Q

what are the 3 different subtype of life cycle

A

direct, simple indirect, complex indirect

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14
Q

what is direct lifecycle?

A

infected egg released - infected egg mature in environment and become infective - infective organism infect the next host

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15
Q

what is an simple indirect lifecycle

A

infected egg released - egg survive in the environment - host 1 ingested parasitic egg - infected egg mature in the body of host 1 - host 2 eat host 1 and become infected

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16
Q

what is a complex indirect lifecycle

A

infected egg released - 1st intermediate host ingest infected egg - 2nd intermediate host ingest 1st intermediate host and infected egg mature into infective state while in 2nd intermediate host - paratenic host ingest 2nd intermediate host - definitve host ingest paratenic host

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17
Q

what type of parasite is ascariasis

A

macroparasite (Helminths) - intestinal nematode, ascaris lumbricoides

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18
Q

how is ascariasis acquired

A

ingestion of eggs

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19
Q

what lifecycle does ascariasis have?

A

direct lifecycle - ingested by human and excreted as faeces - fertilised and mature in soil ie infective - ingested by human again - travel to intestine and can be detected - ascariasis travel to lungs and infective in the oesophagus

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20
Q

what syndrome does ascariasis cause in the lung?

A

loeffler syndrome - dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis

21
Q

what does ascariasis cause in the intestine

A

malnutrition, intestinal obstruction, migration - into hepatobiliary tree & pancreas

22
Q

what is the treatment for ascariasis?

A

albendazole - prevent glucose absorption by worm

23
Q

what type of parasite is schistosomiasis

A

Macro-parasite (Helminth- Platyhelminth- Trematode/Fluke)

24
Q

what cause schistosomiasis

A

caused by fluke, schistosoma

25
Q

what can schistosomiasis cause in the long term?

A

bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis

26
Q

what kind of lifecycle does schistosoma have

A

simple indirect cycle

27
Q

what is the intermediate host for schistosoma

A

snail

28
Q

which specific type of schistosoma cause urinary symptoms in schistosomasis

A

S.haematobium

29
Q

which specific type of schistosoma cause liver/intestinal symptoms in schistosomasis

A

everything except S.haematobium

30
Q

what are the urinary symptoms of schistosomasis

A

haematuria, bladder fibrosis & dysfunction, squamous cell carcinoma of bladder

31
Q

what are the liver/intestinal symptoms of schistosomasis

A

portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis

32
Q

what is the common diagnosis technique for parasite?

A

microscopy & serology & imaging (sometimes)

33
Q

what is the treatment for schistosomasis

A

praziquantel

34
Q

what is hydatid disease caused by

A

Echinococcus sp.

35
Q

what type of parasite is echinococcus sp.

A

marco-parasite (platyhelminth - cestode - tapeworm)

36
Q

what is the usual definitive host for echinococcus sp.

A

dog & sheep - human accidental host

37
Q

what does the hydatid cyst usual appear on the human body

A

70% liver, 20% lungs

38
Q

what is malaria caused by

A

plasmodium parasite

39
Q

what type of parasite is plasmodium

A

micro-parasite (protozoa-sporozoan)

40
Q

what is the vector of malaria

A

anopheles

41
Q

what does the plasmodium cause in the human body

A

rupture red cells, block capillaries and cause inflammatory reaction

42
Q

what are some of the symptoms for malaria

A
  • fever & rigor
  • cerebral malaria - confusion, headache, coma
  • renal failure
  • pulmonary oedema
  • hypoglycaemia
  • circulatory collapse
  • anaemia, bleeding
43
Q

which parasite cause cryptosporidiosis

A

Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis

44
Q

how can cryptosporidium be transferred

A

human to human spread with animal reservoir - faecal-oral spread

45
Q

what is the incubation period for cryptosporidiosis

A

2-10 days (usually 7 days)

46
Q

what are some of the symptoms for cryptosporidiosis

A

watery diarrhoea with mucus (no blood), bloating, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting

47
Q

is cryptosporidiosis a serious infection or more self-limiting

A

more self-limiting but can be severe in young, immunosuppressed

48
Q

what is the treatment for cryptosporidiosis

A

symptomatic relief - rehydration, nitazoxanide

for immunocompromised
- paromomycin

Microbiology (8 decks)

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