CPE 4 Flashcards

Question

INDEX FOSSILS –

Answer 1

Fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short period

Answer 2

Trilobites (hard shelled animals whose bodies had three distinct parts. * Trilobites evolved in shallow seas more than 500 million years ago. * Over time, many types have appeared. * They became extinct about 245 million years ago. * They have been found in many different places To become an Index Fossil … a trilobite must be different in some way from other trilobites. Example – type with large eyes These large-eyed ..bites survived for a time AFTER other bites became extinct. If a geologist finds large-eyed Trilobites in a rock layer, the geologist can infer that those rocks are younger than rocks containing other types of trilobites The World's Biggest Trilobite *A team of Canadian paleontologists working along Hudson Bay in northern Manitoba has discovered the world's largest recorded complete fossil of a trilobite, a many-legged, sea dwelling animal that lived 445 million years ago. The giant creature is more than 70 cm long (about 28 inches), 70 percent larger than the previous record holder. "This is an important and amazing find," says Bob Elias, a professor in the department of geological sciences at the University of Manitoba. "It looks like a huge bug!

Answer 3

* Before the Industrial Revolution, most people in Britain lived and worked in the countryside. * Things such as cloth were spun and woven by hand in their own homes. * From about 1750 machines were invented to do this more quickly. * Factories were built so the bigger machines could be powered by water, and later steam. * People moved from the countryside to work in the factories, so towns grew up.

Answer 4

Industrial – Having to do with industry, business or manufacturing * Revolution – a huge change or a change in the way things are done * Industrial Revolution – a change from making things by hand to making them in factories.

Answer 5

* Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on the horse and their own feet to get around. * With the invention of the steam locomotive, transportation took a huge step forward. * The first two major railroad companies were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads. Passenger carriers An original steam engine Steam locomotive

Answer 6

* Leland Stanford was a business tycoon, (a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry) co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, creator of Stanford University, and the governor of California.

Answer 7

* With the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom, the textile industry took off. * Clothes could now be made far faster than ever before.

Answer 8

* For centuries, people had made yarn at home using a spinning wheel. * In 1764, James Hargreaves invented a machine called the Spinning Jenny. It used up to 8 spindles, so one spinner could spin 8 threads at the same time. * Cotton could now be spun faster to make large amounts of cloth. Mills were built to house the machines and people were employed to work them * Weaving on a handloom was slow as each thread in a piece of cloth was put in by hand using a shuttle. * In 1787, the power loom was invented by Edmund Cartwright which used steam power to weave cloth without the need for a worker. This made it much faster.

Answer 9

Spinning wheel: * The spinning wheel was the first invention, but it was very slow. * Threads were spun one at a time, by hand. The spinning jenny: * The spinning jenny could spin up to eight thread at time. The spinning jenny was much faster than the spinning wheel. The power mule The Spinning Mule: * The spinning mule used water power to spin the thread, which was much faster than doing it by hand. * More cloth could now be made. The power loom: * The power loom used water power to weave cloth * People could make a lot of cloth quickly.

Answer 10

* Advances in agriculture were also made. * The invention of the seed drill allowed farmers to plant many more seeds much more quickly. * The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their crops more efficiently. * More crops could now be grown feeding an increasing population.

Answer 11

The seed drill The reaper: * The reaper was used to cut down the harvest. As you can see, it would take a long time to do it by hand. The mechanical reaper: The mechanical reaper was a lot faster than doing the hand reaper

Answer 12

* With the invention of steel, buildings could be made much taller. * Steel was much harder than iron, which would bend if made too tall. * The steel industry created many new products, and led to the invention of the car.

Answer 13

* The first factories were powered by water wheels, which only produced small amounts of power. * In the 1760s James Watt developed a steam engine which could power factories by burning coal. * The steam engine increased the speed and quantity of clothmanufacturing. * Later, the steam engine would also be used to power steam trains, which could move products much more quickly.

Answer 14

* One of the bad things about industrialization was pollution, as you could see in the earlier slides.

Answer 15

* Andrew Carnegie became a millionaire in the steel business by putting all his competitors out of business. * He created U.S. Steel in Pittsburg.

Answer 16

* Thomas Edison invented the electric light. * Thomas Edison also invented many other things, like the phonograph.

Answer 17

* In 1844, Samuel Morse demonstrates his telegraph by sending a message to Baltimore from the chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington, DC. The message, "What hath God wrought?," marks the beginning of a new era in communication. * The telegraph used dots and dashes to send messages over electric lines. These dots and dashes became known as Morse Code.

Answer 18

* Alexander Graham Bell patented the first telephone in 1876.

Answer 19

* John D. Rockefeller became the richest man in the world in the oil business. * He created Standard Oil Company. * Oil began being used in all types of machines, like cars.

Answer 20

* Henry Ford invented the first practical car, the Model T. * The car had been invented earlier, but Ford was the first to make the car affordable.

Answer 21

* With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers. * Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers.

Answer 22

* The Wright brothers were the first men to successfully fly an airplane. * The flight lasted only twelve seconds, but it proved men could fly.

Answer 23

The increase in knowledge about how things worked and the utilisation of new technology eventually led to improvements in housing and working conditions for everyone. Britain became very wealthy but less people lived in the countryside. Products were cheaper. Towns and cities grew larger. The Great Exhibition in London – 1851 showed off the great inventions and advances that were taking place at the time.

Answer 24

Hand Tools Home Small hand tools owned by worker. Small level of production, sold only to local market, manufactured on a per-order basis. Worker manufactured entire item. Worker worked as much as they could, according to demand. Worker had multiple sources of sustenance, other employers, own garden or farm, and outside farm labour.

Answer 25

Machines. Factory. Large power-driven machines owned by the capitalist. Large level of production, sold to world-wide market, manufactured in anticipation of demand. Worker typically made one part of a larger whole, Henry Ford's assembly line (early 20th century) kept workers stationary. Worker worked set daily hours. Worker relied entirely on capitalist for their income- urban living made personal farming and gardening impractical.

Answer 26

* Mills were dangerous places to work. Because of the long working hours, people became tired and some had terrible accidents on the machines. * Children as young as five or six worked in the mills. They would clean under moving machines because they were small and were often injured. * Factory machines were usually powered by steam from burning coal. This led to very bad air pollution. * Diseases like cholera and dysentery were common in towns due to the poor housing and lack of sewers (city people sometimes just threw their poo out of their windows, into the streets!) * Some jobs were lost. Between 1811-1816, bands of workers called Luddites destroyed machinery, believing it threatened their jobs.

Answer 27

As more steam powered machines were built, factories needed more coal to create this steam. Mining methods improved to meet the demand for more coal *The process of inventing never ends *One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

Answer 28

EXPLORATION, environmental assessment and approval, construction, operation, closure, reclamation and monitoring

Answer 29

Radioactive minerals like uranium may be found with a Geiger counter. If an area looks promising, a drill is moved to the site. The drill goes deep into the Earth’s crust removing long cylinders of rock called cores. Geologic maps are created.

Answer 30

* Surface Mining: Scoop ore off surface of earth. * cheap. * safe for miners. * large environmental destruction. * Underground Mining: Use of adits and shafts to reach deeply buried ores. * expensive. * hazardous for miners. * usually less environmental damage. When do we mine underground? * The ore deposit is deep * Ore body is steep * Grade is high enough to exceed costs

Answer 31

open pit mining: * funnel shaped hole in ground, with ramp spiraling down along sides, allows moderately deep ore to be reached. * Strip-mining: Blast, scoop off rock overburden, and then scoop out ore material. Fairly shallow. * Economics of strip mining depend on stripping ratio * Large land area can be involved, especially for coal and bauxite. Mountaintop Removal - is highly controversial, & best suited for retrieving mass amounts of minerals, usually coal, from mountain peaks - process involves blasting the overburden with explosives above the mineral seam to be mined (broken mountaintop is then shifted into valleys & fills below) This type of mining is used when the ore to be retrieved is 400 feet or deeper. Controversy surrounds the permanent alteration of ecosystems and entire landscapes by removing mountaintops, however, advocates point out that after completion the mining process leaves a flat terrain where there wasn’t one when reclamation is complete.

Answer 32

Milling: Milling is the process of separating the desired mineral from the unwanted rock (called gangue.) See if you can find the specks of gold. Concentration and Flotation: Some minerals are separated by washing, flotation or magnetic separation. Here a combination of water, chemicals, air and agitation make desired mineral particles float to the top of the bubbles. Smelting; Smelting uses high heat and chemicals to remove base metals and impurities from concentrates. Smelting furnaces can reach temperatures above 1064°Celcius. Leaching: These pads are the size of several football fields. This one is being stacked with crushed ore. Electrowinning: Starter sheets are lowered into a solution. An electrical charge passes through causing copper ions to stick to the sheets.

Answer 33

SOIL EROSION When topsoil is removed, the land becomes devoid of vegetation. Hence, loosened soil can induce mass wasting and loose soil may find its way to waterways where siltation may occur. Dust: Excavations and movement of equipment generate a great deal of dust. Large amounts of dust from rocks and soils also escape into the atmosphere during loading and unloading of minerals, causing local air pollution and many different types of respiratory problems. DISTURBANCE & DISPLACEMENT OF ORGANISMS: The abrupt introduction of machines, equipment, and people may disturb the balance in the environment and may force the migration of organisms that once occupied the mining area or was once part of an ecosystem in the area. CONTAMINATION OF SOILS, SURFACE WATER, & GROUNDWATER BY CHEMICALS: Most minerals contain heavy metals which are toxic to organisms like animals and humans. In some cases, these heavy metals cannot be detected by the naked eye. However, most of the time, the chemicals are distinct in color and detectable when carried by water through surface runoff. Contaminated surface and groundwater from dissolved chemicals are difficult to rehabilitate. LOSS OF VALUABLE LAND: In large-scale mining, additional space is needed for the storage of debris, waste materials and excavated soil (soil dump). Aside from the damage done to the physical environment, there is also the possibility for chemical leakage (mine tailings) to occur through runoff on surface waters and may also affect the health of residents living in communities near these waters.

Answer 34

Pollution from sewage is a primary environmental health hazard (wastewater effluent). The purpose of municipal wastewater treatment is to limit pollution of the receiving watercourse. The receiving watercourse may also be a source of drinking water.

Answer 35

Reduction of organic load of the wastewater effluent to limit eutrophication Reduction of microbiological contamination that may transmit infectious disease.

Answer 36

 Preliminary treatment is a physical process that removes large contaminants.  Primary treatment involves physical sedimentation of particulates.  Secondary treatment involves physical and biological treatment to reduce organic load of wastewater.  Tertiary or advanced treatments.

Answer 37

PHYSICAL TREATMENT Water should not have suspended particles or sediments. Physically, the dirt or floating substances should be seen in it. Common examples of physical treatment are filtration and sedimentation.

Answer 38

Filtration separates the solids from the liquids using a filter. Solids are trapped in the screen while water flows through. Separate ‘nonsettleable’ solids from water. Combined with coagulation/clarification, filtration can remove 84%-96% turbidity, coliform bacteria 97-99.95%, and >99% Giardia.

Answer 39

Rapid filtration - uses gravity (faster flow). Slow filtration - uses gravity [slower flow]. Pressure sand filters-use water pressure. Diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration Microstraining - uses fine steel fabric (sometimes used prior to other filtrations).

Answer 40

allows solid particles to settle at the bottom. This usually occurs in a basin where water is made to stand for a period of time. Sediments or the solid substances are collected at the bottom when the water moves out to the next treatment process.

Answer 41

Water also needs to be free of any living form. Microorganisms like bacteria and other parasites cannot be seen by the naked eye special processes to eliminate them. Contaminated water, or water with bacterial content can be a major problem. It causes intestinal and stomach problems that sometimes lead to death. Common examples of this process are using chlorine, activated sludge and ultraviolet light. The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial waste waters using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.

Answer 42

Ultraviolet radiation is an effective and relatively safe disinfection method, but is relatively expensive and not widely used. UV light disrupts DNA of microbial cells, preventing reproduction. Specific wavelengths, intensities, distances, flow rates, and retention times are required.

Answer 43

There are some harmful chemicals or excessive amounts of otherwise harmless chemicals which cannot be removed by physical or biological treatment. Thus, a different type of treatment should be done to address this. Chemicals used as coagulants in drinkingwater treatment include aluminum and iron salts, such as aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride or ferric sulfate.

Answer 44

A common type of chemical treatment is coagulation, where liquid aluminum sulphate (alum) and or polymer is mixed with raw water to cause these chemicals to stick together.  This process continues until larger particles of chemicals are formed called flocs, making them easier to remove through sedimentation or filtration.

Answer 45

 Most of the environmental impacts associated with water processing is the exploitation or over-abstraction or over-withdrawal from a water source.  Since water is a prime commodity, the high demand for it requires more withdrawals of water from freshwater resources and groundwater.  Water depletion or drying-out happens especially if the rate of water discharge or withdrawal exceeds the rate of recharge (process of replenishing water supply, usually through rainfall).  Too much withdrawal of groundwater creates a cone of depression which eventually makes the ground hollow and many cause ground surface to collapse.  Sinking water tables, can also make rivers less reliable since most rivers are maintained by springs or waters coming out of the cracks and fissures of rocks and soils.  If the ground water has dried out, there will be nothing left to sustain surface waters and reservoirs.

Answer 46

Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter, and ort) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat.

Answer 47

“substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law” Disposal means “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)” The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known simply as Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, specially to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate. The Convention was opened for signature on 22nd March 1989, and entered into force on 5 May 1992.

Answer 48

Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash According to EPA regulations, SOLID WASTE is: *Any garbage or refuse (Municipal Solid Waste) *Sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility *Other discarded material *Solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, wastewater from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

Answer 49

Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others)

Answer 50

*Hazardous wastes *Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially,agriculturally, or economically and have any of thefollowing properties- ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity &toxicity. *Non-hazardous *Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,agriculturally, or economically and do not have any ofthose properties mentioned above. These substancesusually create disposal problems.

Answer 51

Households Commerce and Industry

Answer 52

*Affects our health *Affects our socio-economic conditions *Affects our coastal and marine environment *Affects our climate * GHGs are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise. * Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. * Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. * This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. * Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered. - Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some areas. - Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils. - Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for specific areas.

Answer 53

Exposures occurs through *Ingestion of contaminated water or food *Contact with disease vectors *Inhalation *Dermal

Answer 54

Exposures occurs through *Ingestion of contaminated water or food *Contact with disease vectors *Inhalation *Dermal

Answer 55

Waste hierarchy refers to 3 Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. *Minimizing solid waste ▪Minimizing packaging ▪Recycleable Paper, plastics, metals, glass, wood ▪Reusable ? Textiles, leather, rubber, metals, wood ▪Compostable Yard trimmings, food scraps (vegetable)

Answer 56

*includes the activities & actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. *This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.

Answer 57

*organic matter that has been decomposed in a process called composting *This process recycles various organic materials otherwise regarded as waste products and produces a soil conditioner (the compost). *Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used, for example, in garden, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture and organic farming. *The compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. *Compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and as landfill cover.

Answer 58

*An open dumping is defined as a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible to open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavengers. *Open dumping can include solid waste disposal facilities or practices that pose a reasonable probability of adverse effects on health or the environment. *It is also called fly dumping or fly tipping, the dumping of waste illegally instead of using an authorized method such as kerbside collection or using an authorized rubbish dump.

Answer 59

*is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. * Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as thermal treatment. *Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. *The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas.

Answer 60

*are sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe *considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically *In high-income countries, the level of isolation achieved may be high. However, such an expensive high level of isolation may not be technically necessary to protect public health. *Four basic conditions should be met before a site can be regarded as a sanitary landfill.

Answer 61

*Full or partial hydrogeological isolation: if a site cannot be located on land which naturally contains leachate security, additional lining materials should be brought to the site to reduce leakage from the base of the site (leachate) and help reduce contamination of groundwater and surrounding soil *Formal engineering preparations: designs should be developed from local geological and hydrogeological investigations. A waste disposal plan and a final restoration plan should also be developed *Permanent control: trained staff should be based at the landfill to supervise site preparation and construction, the depositing of waste and the regular operation and maintenance *Planned waste emplacement and covering: waste should be spread in layers and compacted. A small working area which is covered daily helps make the waste less accessible to pests and vermin