CPG - COASTAL & RIVERS

Question 1

One benefit of soft engineering. THREE

Answer 1

• cheaper compared to hard engineering
• more aesthetically pleasing
• Sustainable

Question 2

Explain one cost and one benefit of using hard engineering to manage river flood risk.

Answer 2

COST: Expensive to both build and maintain

BENEFIT: More durable, cheaper in the long run.

Question 3

THREE factors to consider that would affect rate of flooding and damage over time

Answer 3

• CLIMATE CHANGE - increased frequency of storms AND increased severity of storms
• TECHNOLOGY - e.g. forecasting and preparation.
• POPULATION INCREASE - more people close to floodplains - more impermeable surfaces etc from urbanisation.

Question 4

TWO reasons for ethnic diversity in cities more so than more rural regions

Answer 4

• Job opportunities
• Find their own communities in cities - migrants drawn to this.

Question 5

For a UK city that you have studied, explain two strategies that have been used to
make urban living more sustainable.
THREE

Answer 5

• Development of eco housing to be more energy efficient.
• Network of bus routes & increased bike lanes. To reduce car transport & pollution
• Clean air zone - penalising high polluting vehicles.

Question 6

BIRMINGHAM - reasons for growth in particular areas. THREE.

Answer 6

REGENERATION - building £70 million town centre in Longbridge.
STUDENTIFICATION - increased students and international students - eg. Bournville College.
IMPROVED RAIL CONNECTIONS - helped boost industry growth.

Question 7

Strengths and weaknesses of your fieldwork data collection methods

Answer 7

• Measuring gradient using clinometer
  STRENGTH: portable, cheap and easy to use.
  WEAKNESS: Easy to be moved by weather or human hand, so inaccurate results can be recorded. Susceptible to human error.

FIELD SKETCH - give an overview of the shape and layout of the beach.
STRENGTH:

WEAKNESS:

Question 8

Quality of rural environment - TWO ways you collected data

Answer 8

Tranquility Index - surveys
Service tally - counting services available.

Question 9

Explain how wave height affects rate of coastal erosion

Answer 9

Higher wave = higher energy. Leads to more erosion.

Question 10

one benefit of using hard engineering to manage flood risk

Answer 10

Efficient because of its good design, is long lasting. Protects people.

Question 11

FOUR categories to consider when assessing how international migration has impacted changing population.

Answer 11

OPPORTUNITIES - Push/pull factors) for migration
e.g. growth of London.

POPULATION INCREASE - Population will have increased but unevenly (1) because some
places will have had more job opportunities than others e.g
London (1)

AGE STRUCTURE - The age structure of the population will have changed becoming
younger (1) because migrants seeking work and/or students are
mostly in younger age cohorts (1)

DIVERSITY - The ethnic structure of the population will have changed
becoming more diverse (1) especially in large cities which have
more job opportunities for migrants (1)