CPPS 403 - Nutrigenetics-genomics - 8 - Copy

Question 1

What is the due date for Assignment I?

Answer 1

Jan 31 by 11:59PM

Question 2

When is the midterm scheduled?

Answer 2

Feb 12 during class time

Question 3

How many short answer questions will the midterm consist of?

Answer 3

8 short answer questions

Question 4

What is the range of content covered in the midterm?

Answer 4

From Jan 8 up to and including Feb 5

Question 5

Define nutrigenetics

Answer 5

The study of how genes affect individual responses to nutrients

Question 6

Define nutrigenomics

Answer 6

The scientific study of how specific genes and bioactive food components interact with our DNA

Question 7

What are the two branches of Nutritional Genetics/Genomics?

Answer 7

• Nutrigenomics
• Nutrigenetics

Question 8

Describe how nutrigenetic research is performed.

Answer 8

Focuses on individual genetic variations affecting nutrient metabolism

Question 9

Describe how nutrigenomic research is performed.

Answer 9

Studies the interactions between nutrients and gene expression

Question 10

What is the overall goal of nutrigenetic research?

Answer 10

To understand individual responses to nutrients based on genetic makeup

Question 11

What is the overall goal of nutrigenomic research?

Answer 11

To understand how nutrients affect gene expression and metabolic pathways

Question 12

How do nutrients interact with genes?

Answer 12

• Act as ligands for transcription factor receptors
• Alter gene expression or signal pathways
• Affect signal transduction pathways
• Cause epigenetic events

Question 13

List some methyl-rich nutrients.

Answer 13

• Folate
• Methionine
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin B6

Question 14

True or False: The DNA of queen and worker honeybees is identical.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What causes epigenetic silencing of the Dnmt3 gene in honeybees?

Answer 15

Royal jelly

Question 16

What effect does royal jelly have on gene methylation in honeybees?

Answer 16

It alters (↓) the methylation of a variety of genes

Question 17

What are genomic microarrays used for in nutrigenomics?

Answer 17

To analyze gene expression profiles

Question 18

What does mRNA sequencing (mRNAseq) help researchers understand?

Answer 18

The transcriptome and gene expression changes

Question 19

What type of dietary fats can increase the risk for coronary heart disease?

Answer 19

Saturated and trans fats

These fats are linked to various health issues including stroke and type II diabetes.

Question 20

What types of fats are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease and cognitive decline?

Answer 20

Mono and polyunsaturated fats

These fats are beneficial for heart health and may lower inflammation.

Question 21

What physiological processes do long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids affect?

Answer 21

*Growth
*Neurological development
*Innate and acquired immunity
*Incidence of chronic diseases

These fatty acids are linked to numerous health benefits.

Question 22

What is the aim of nutrigenetics?

Answer 22

To understand how genetic makeup coordinates an individual’s response to diet

This includes studying genetic polymorphisms that affect nutrient metabolism.

Question 23

What is the significance of identifying SNPs in metabolism-related genes?

Answer 23

It helps in understanding differential responses to nutrients

SNPs can influence absorption, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.

Question 24

What condition is associated with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency?

Answer 24

Phenylketonuria

This is an autosomal recessive disorder leading to intellectual disabilities and seizures.

Question 25

What variant increases the risk of esophageal cancer in individuals consuming alcohol?

Answer 25

ALDH2* variant ## Footnote Individuals with this variant are 6-10 times more likely to develop cancer with regular alcohol intake.

Question 26

What dietary changes have been associated with the Inuit population and health issues?

Answer 26

Adoption of a Westernized lifestyle ## Footnote This shift has led to increased prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Question 27

What role do plasma lipid levels play in cardiovascular disease?

Answer 27

They play a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease ## Footnote High blood lipid levels are a significant risk factor.

Question 28

How do genetic polymorphisms affect dietary fat intake?

Answer 28

They may render individuals more or less responsive to dietary fat changes ## Footnote Genetic factors can influence the effectiveness of dietary adjustments.

Question 29

What was examined in the study of gene-diet interactions in the Inuit population?

Answer 29

*Genotypes for 35 SNPs *Dietary fat intake data ## Footnote The study aimed to understand how genetics affect lipid levels in response to diet.

Question 30

What are free radicals?

Answer 30

Atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons ## Footnote They are highly reactive and can cause damage to cells.

Question 31

What is the role of superoxide dismutases?

Answer 31

They break down reactive oxygen species ## Footnote These enzymes help mitigate oxidative stress in the body.

Question 32

Which vitamins are considered antioxidants?

Answer 32

*Vitamin C *Vitamin E *Beta-carotene ## Footnote These nutrients can help neutralize free radicals.

Question 33

True or False: Antioxidants are most effective when used alone.

Answer 33

False ## Footnote Antioxidants tend to work better in combination with other nutrients and plant chemicals.