CPTC exam prep Flashcards

Question

What are the three types of evidence solid research draws upon?

Answer 1

Electronic, empirical, print

Answer 2

Brainstorming, forming logical relationships, build ideas, show where research is needed, shows the boundaries of a subject

Answer 3

Literature review

Answer 4

You need at least three different types of evidence (all three parts of the research triangle). Best to have electronic, empirical, print

Answer 5

``` Move 1: Define Your Subject Move 2: State Your Purpose Move 3: State Your Main Point Move 4: Stress the Importance of the Subject Move 5: Provide Background Information Move 6: Forecast the content ``` ** can be done in any order

Answer 6

Cause and effect Comparison and contrast Better and worse (eg advantages vs disadvantages) Costs and benefits If...then (eg “If you believe in X, then you should do Y”) suggests no middle ground – use sparingly Chronological order Problem/needs/solution Example **Note: different patterns of arrangement can be applied to different parts of a doc**

Answer 7

Move 1: Make an obvious transition - signal to the reader that you are summarizing final points Move 2: Restate your main point - to drive facts home Move 3: Re-emphasize the importance of the subject Move 4: Look to the future - the reader should leave the content on a positive note Move 5: Say “Thank you” and offer contact information

Answer 8

Eliminate nominalizations. Eliminate prepositional phrases. Eliminate redundancy in sentences Sentences should be ‘breathing’ length. Use active voice (‘doer’ in the beginning of the sentence) Make the subject what the sentence is about Put the subject of the sentence early in the sentence

Answer 9

Transition sentences: make a smooth bridge from the previous paragraph to the present paragraph Topic sentences: claim or statement that the rest of the paragraph is going to prove or support. Usually upfront, at the TOP of the paragraph Support sentences: The bulk of any paragraph is typically made up of support sentences. These sentences contain examples, reasoning, facts, data, anecdotes, definitions, and descriptions Point sentences: REstate the paragraph’s main point toward the end of the paragraph (therefore, consequently, in sum).

Answer 10

The given/new method

Answer 11

Elevate the tone Use similes and analogies Use metaphor Change the pace

Answer 12

Node pages divide a website’s content into larger topic areas. They are typically linked to the homepage. For example, a university’s home page will have links that go to node pages like Colleges and Departments, Libraries, Students, and Faculty and Staff. These are all nodes in the website.

Answer 13

``` Homepage Node pages Pages Navigation pages Splash pages (only in V5 of book) ```

Answer 14

``` Balance Alignment Grouping Consistency Contrast ```

Answer 15

Design features must offset each other to create a feeling of stability. Unbalanced = tension. Symmetry is not required but the top/bottom/sides should "weigh" the same. TIP: use page grid to keep things balanced.

Answer 16

Images and words on the page should be aligned to show the document’s structure or hierarchy, create relationships among items. Align items vertically to show different levels of info in a document Align items horizontally to connect them visually/make them a unit Use margins, indentation, lists, headings, and graphics to create two or three levels in the text. Only use centering for titles = creates alignment issues otherwise

Answer 17

(we know this concept as chunking) Related images and words should be placed near each other on the page. Divide the content into scannable blocks Items placed near each other are seen as a unit (eg, image + caption) Also referred to as “using white space” to frame items on a page. There is white space in margins, around lists, etc. Use headings to group info. Headings = access points.

Answer 18

Design features in the document should be used consistently, so the document looks uniform. This creates a sense of order, predictability, reduces clutter Strategies: Headings should be predictable Pages should follow the same grid Use design elements like font, list formatting, headers/footers, consistently

Answer 19

Items in the document that are different should look significantly different/distinct, makes them stand out. Use contrast carefully, as too many contrasting elements can create clutter Colour, shading, background images are good ways to add contrast, but use sparingly Make sure the text and background contrast enough to make text readable

Answer 20

A document created primarily for a target culture, uses their language, symbols, and conventions, reflects their preferences and expectations. Must be designed with the help of a designer/consultants who are familiar with the culture.

Answer 21

usually follows western conventions, but adjusts some elements to reflect the preferences/expectations of other cultures, avoids cultural taboos. Best for docs that need to cater to a variety of cultures = most common.

Answer 22

Use of colour: different colours have different meanings across cultures (eg red = anger in Japan but happiness in China and death in Egypt). See fig. 17.19 Use of people: avoid big smiles, very emotional expressions, suggestive behaviour, flashy clothing, interactions between men/women that send mixed signals (eg in Islamic culture, limit images of people - usually only used when needed, such as for ID) Use of symbols: symbols have different meanings across cultures (eg OK hand signal is positive in North America, offensive in other cultures - same with crescents, crosses, white flowers). Better to use simple shapes. Direction of reading: if the direction of reading for a culture is right to left, design elements like weight and balance need to be adjusted.

Answer 23

Tell a simple story: readers should be able to quickly figure out what the graphic says, should present info in a concise way (applies to graphs or images). Reinforce (not replace) the text: written text should tell readers the story that the graphic is trying to illustrate. Be Ethical: graphics should not be used to hide information, distort facts, or exaggerate trends (graphs could skew data, photos could be digitally altered). Be labeled and placed properly: graphics should be placed and labeled in a way that allows readers to easily move between text and graphic.

Answer 24

``` Right > left Top > bottom Big > small Pictures > written text Graphics > written text Colour > black and white Items with borders > items without borders Irregular shapes > regular shapes Motion > static items ```

Answer 25

A line graph because it shows how quantity rises and falls (usually over time)

Answer 26

A bar chart

Answer 27

It displays data in an organized, easy to access way so readers can analyze and compare

Answer 28

A pie chart. They take up too much space in a grid page layout (They are used to show how a whole is divided into parts)

Answer 29

A flowchart

Answer 30

A Gannt chart shows a project schedule and highlights the phases of the work, milestones, etc. Shows how a project will meet its goals over a specific timeline.

Answer 31

False. Use them sparingly.

Answer 32

Advantages: usually available, easy to use, allow you to create attractive, colourful presentations (in PPT or other program). Disadvantages: slides dominate the room, resulting in your audience potentially not listening attentively; also requires dimmed lights, which could make audience sleepy.

Answer 33

Flipcharts are the best option because they are physically close to the audience.

Answer 34

Advantage: commonly available, more reliable than digital projectors, you can use transparencies and mark them up with a marker, which feels interactive. Disadvantage: static and lifeless, colours/graphics not as sharp as digital.

Answer 35

Advantage: you can create graphics on the fly, feels interactive. Disadvantage: you need to think on your feet.

Answer 36

Handouts can help reinforce a point, present data that doesn’t lend well to a projector presentation (eg complex chart). They can also have space for note taking. However, they can be distracting (audience reads instead of listening).

Answer 37

Advantage: everything covered is visually on the poster and available for the audience to see. Disadvantage is that it doesn’t work with large groups or a space with too much distance.

Answer 38

Digital projector with a computer Overhead projector with slides or transparencies Whiteboard/chalkboard

Answer 39

5 - people don't usually retain any more than that

Answer 40

Introduction (tell them what you’re going to tell them) Topic 1, 2, 3.... (tell them) (max 5 topics) Conclusion (tell them what you told them) Answering questions

Answer 41

``` Poor use of images Font too small Complex or indecipherable graphics, charts, tables Unbalanced design Too much content ```

Answer 42

Status report: an update on your activities | Progress report: an update on the status of a project

Answer 43

Revising: Revises the document as a whole, often called “global editing.” Focus is subject, purpose, readers, and context of use. (do this when there is plenty of time left) Substantive editing: focus on content, organization, document design. (do this when there is adequate time left) Copyediting: focus on revising the style for clarity, persuasion, and consistency, especially at the sentence and paragraph levels. (do this when there is some time left) Proofreading: focus on grammatical mistakes, misspellings, and usage problems. (do this when there is little time left) **revising and editing are forms of quality control.

Answer 44

Proofreading

Answer 45

Revising/global editing

Answer 46

how much time you have | the quality needed

Answer 47

Peer reviews

Answer 48

Can they find it? *Read-and-locate tests* are used to determine whether users can locate important parts of the document and how quickly they can do so. Often, the users are videotaped and timed while they are using the document. Can they understand it? *Understandability tests* are used to determine if the users retain important concepts and remember key terms. Users are often asked to summarize parts of the document or to define concepts. Can they do it? *Performance tests* are used to determine whether users can perform the actions the document describes. These tests are often used with instructions and procedures. Also determines attitude - are the readers frustrated? Is it safe? *Safety tests* are used to study whether the activities described in the document, especially in instructions or user’s manuals, are safe. These tests carefully watch for possible safety problems by having sample readers use the product documentation.

Answer 49

``` Use short, direct sentences that follow subject, verb, object order. Use positive sentences, and minimize negative sentences. Use a limited set of words. Avoid humor or jokes. Minimize jargon and slang. Avoid obvious metaphors. Check slogans. Check product names. ```

Answer 50

``` 1 - Stick to the work plan: - mission - objectives and measurable outcomes - spell out each stage and task in the project - specify who is responsible for each task - lay out project calendar 2 - Communicate regularly 3 - Hold tele and video conferences 4 - Build trust and respect 5 - Keep regular hours ```

Answer 51

Forming Storming Norming Performing

Answer 52

This is the strategic planning phase: ``` Define project mission and objectives. Identify project outcomes. Define team member responsibilities. Create a project calendar. Write out a work plan. Agree on how conflicts will be resolved ```

Answer 53

Managing tension and conflict, negotiating, adapting and compromising phase: Running effective meetings Mediating conflicts Firing a team member

Answer 54

Phase where everyone settles on roles and responsibilities; builds unity and trust Revising objectives and outcomes Redefining team roles and redistributing workload Going mobile and virtual

Answer 55

The Performing stage

Answer 56

Coordinator Researcher Editor Designer

Answer 57

Maximum of 3 links for most important information Maximum of 5 links of 80% information Maximum of 7 links for all information

Answer 58

``` Social networks: The three types include content-based (FB, Google+, Twitter, LinkedIn), image-based (Instagram, Pinterest, Snapchat), and video-based (Snapchat, Vine, Viddy, Montaj). Wikis Blogs Microblogs (mostly Twitter) Videos Podcasts ```

Answer 59

Logical mapping/concept mapping - Visual way to generate ideas and discover logical relationships. Start by jotting down words and drawing circles around them. Then mention phrases, words, etc. which are relevant and draw lines btw everything to establish connections. Brainstorming or listing - Start out by listing all that you know about the topic. Circle/bold your 2-3 best ideas from the list, make a second list which focuses on just those 2-3 ideas. Keep narrowing to get deep into the subject. Freewriting - Just keep typing for 5-10 minutes, identify common ideas/terms/subjects which appear most in what you wrote, and focus on that. Outlining/boxing - Outline mode or Document map mode Journalist’s questions - the five Ws and How

Answer 60

Outcomes - Visible, measurable results of the team’s efforts. Deliverables - Real products or services that you will deliver to the customer or client during the project and after it is completed. Something physical which supports a project outcome.

Answer 61

``` Header Greeting or Salutation Introduction Body Conclusion Signature ```

Answer 62

``` Title Introduction Body paragraphs Graphics Conclusion ```

Answer 63

``` Title Introduction List of parts and supplies Safety information Steps Graphics Conclusion ```

Answer 64

``` Front matter Introduction Description of current situation Project plan Graphics (can be anywhere) Qualifications Summary of costs and benefits Conclusion Budget ```

Answer 65

``` Introduction Summary of activities Results of activities Future activities Expenses Conclusion ```

Answer 66

``` Introduction Methodology Results Discussion (IMRaD) ```

Answer 67

Research question guides your empirical or analytical research. Hypothesis is your best guess at an answer to the research question.

Answer 68

Inventors of machines, processes, products, and other items can protect their inventions by obtaining these. Once obtained, the inventor is protected against others’ use of his or her ideas to create new products.

Answer 69

Copyright Law

Answer 70

People or companies can claim a symbol, word, or phrase as their property by obtaining this. Trademark uses the ™ symbol. Registered trademark uses the ® symbol.

Answer 71

The internet, digital world = easy duplication

Answer 72

Typically, a work is copyrighted as soon as it exists in written form. If you want, you can add the copyright symbol “©” to your work to signal that it is copyrighted. The copyright symbol, however, is no longer necessary to protect a work.

Answer 73

``` Inquiries Responses Transmittals Claims/complaints Adjustments Refusals ```

Answer 74

``` ISO 9000 (for quality management systems) ISO 14000 (for environmental management systems) ``` Managed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Answer 75

By features, by functions, by stages in its process (you can use logic mapping to help with this process)

Answer 76

Sentence def includes the term, the category it belongs to, and the distinguishing features. An extended def includes these + additional information about etymology, examples, etc.

Answer 77

The PROBLEM The CAUSES of the problem The EFFECTS if nothing is done

Answer 78

Research reports (which is a type of formal report)

Answer 79

Scientific reports (which is a type of formal report) They define the hypothesis, describe research methods, present results, discuss results, and draw conclusions.

Answer 80

Completion report (type of formal report)

Answer 81

Recommendation reports (type of formal report)

Answer 82

A feasibility report (type of formal report)

Answer 83

Opening: overall approach to collecting information (1-2 sentences) Body: step-by-step description of major parts of the study (and the minor parts under each major) Closing: discuss some of the limitations of the study

Answer 84

Because the reader could choose the "incorrect" option, or reject both options entirely.

Answer 85

Reasoning with LOGIC.

Answer 86

Reasoning with EXAMPLES and EVIDENCE.

Answer 87

Cause and effect

Answer 88

The X axis (which is the horizontal axis)

Answer 89

Values-based persuasion.

Answer 90

High-context cultures

Answer 91

The introductions and conclusions are affected. Intros include contextual information like discussions about the weather or noting prior relationships to establish connection. The conclusion includes the main point. Asian cultures use this approach.

Answer 92

``` 1 - choose a mediator 2 - ask both sides to state positions 3 - identify issues 4 - prioritize issues 5 - address each issue separately 6 - write down an agreement that both sides can accept ```

Answer 93

Metrics or KPIs

Answer 94

They improve STYLE. You can apply these 4 strategies to improve the plain style, the persuasive style, or the grand style.

Answer 95

Grand style stresses eloquence. For example, Martin Luther King, Jr., and President John F. Kennedy often used the grand style to move their listeners to do what was right, even if people were reluctant to do it

Answer 96

Finding an angle. | TIP: ask yourself “What is new or what has changed recently about this subject?”

Answer 97

Yes! But, when you deviate from your methodology, keep track of your changes to the original plan. A change in methodology is not a sign of failure. It is simply a recognition that research is not formulaic and can be unpredictable. Research is a process of discovery. Sometimes your most important discoveries are made when you deviate from the original plan.