Crack the Core etc Rapid Qs Flashcards
(559 cards)
1
Q
When I say:
Subglottic haemangioma
Cutaneous Haemangioma
A
PHACES Syndrome
(Posterior fossa malformation, Haemangioma, Arterial malformation, Coarctation/cardiac, Ear anomalies, Subglottic haemangioma)
2
Q
When I say:
Ropy appearance
Post term delivery
A
Meconium aspiration
3
Q
When I say:
Fluid in the fissures
Hx of C-Section
Maternal sedation
A
Transient tachypnoea of newborn
4
Q
When I say:
Grannular opacities + Premature
A
Respiratory distress syndrome
5
Q
When I say:
Granular opacities + Term + high lung volume
A
Non GBS Pneumonia
6
Q
When I say:
Granular opacities + Term + Low lung volume
A
GBS Pneumonia
7
Q
When I say:
Band like opacities
A
Chronic lung disease (BPD)
8
Q
When I say:
Linear lucencies
A
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
9
Q
When I say:
Pulmonary hypoplasia
A
Diaphragmatic hernia
10
Q
When I say:
Lung cysts and nodules
A
LCH or Papillomatosis
11
Q
When I say:
Lower lobe bronchiectasis
A
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
12
Q
When I say:
Upper lobe bronchiectasis
A
Cystic fibrosis
13
Q
When I say:
Posterior mediastinal mass <2
A
Neuroblastoma
14
Q
When I say:
No air in stomach
A
Oesophageal atresia
15
Q
When I say:
Excessive air in the stomach
A
H type TOF
16
Q
When I say:
Anterior oesophageal impression
Tracheal stenosis
A
Pulmonary sling
17
Q
When I say:
Single bubble
A
Gastric atresia
18
Q
When I say:
Double bubble
Downs syndrome
A
Duodenal atresia
19
Q
When I say:
Single bubble with distal gas
Bilous vomiting in an infant
Corkscrew duodenum
A
Mid gut volvulus
20
Q
When I say:
Non bilious vomiting
Paradoxial aciduria
A
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
21
Q
When I say:
Reversed SMA and SMV (SMV to left of SMA)
A
Malrotation
22
Q
When I say:
Absent gallbladder
Triangle cord sign
A
Biliary atresia
23
Q
When I say:
Asplenia
A
Cyanotic heart disease
24
Q
When I say:
Infarcted spleen
Gallstones
A
Sickle cell disease
25
When I say:
Short microcolon
Colonic atresia
26
When I say:
Long microcolon
Meconium ileum or distal ileal atresia
27
When I say:
Saw tooth colon
Hirschsprung disease
28
When I say:
Calcified mass in mid abdomen of a newborn
Meconium peritonitis
29
When I say:
Meconium ileus equivalent
Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome
30
When I say:
Abrupt caliber change of aorta below coeliac axis
Hepatic haemangioendothelioma
31
When I say:
Cystic mass in liver of a newborn
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
32
When I say:
Elevated AFP with mass in liver of a newborn
Hepatoblastoma
33
When I say:
CBD measures >10 mm in child
Choledochal cyst
34
When I say:
Lipomatous pseudohypertrophy of the pancreas
Cystic fibrosis
35
When I say:
Unilateral renal agenesis
Unicornuate uterus
36
When I say:
Neonatal renal vein thrombosis
Maternal diabetes
37
When I say:
Neonatal renal artery thrombosis
Misplaced UAC
38
When I say:
Hydronephrosis on fetal MRI
Posterior urethral valve
39
When I say:
Urachus
Bladder adenocarcinoma
40
When I say:
Nephroblastomatosis with necrosis
Wilms
41
When I say:
Solid renal tumour of infancy
Mesoblastic nephroma
42
When I say:
Solid renal tumour of childhood
Wilms
43
When I say:
Most common RCC subtype in kids
Prior exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy
Translocation subtype
44
When I say:
Midline pelvic mass in a female
Hydrometrocolpos
45
When I say:
Right sided varicocele
Abdominal pathology
46
When I say:
Blue dot sign
Torsion of the testicular appendage
47
When I say:
Hand or foot pain/swelling in an infant
Sickle cell with hand foot syndrome
48
When I say:
Extratesticular scrotal mass
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
49
When I say:
Narrowing of interpedicular distance
Achondroplasia
50
When I say:
Platyspondyly (Flat vertebral bodies)
Thanatophoric
51
When I say:
Mystery liver abscess in a child
Chronic granulomatous disease
52
When I say:
Anterior mediastinal mass with calcification in a child
Treated lymphoma or thymic lesion
53
When I say:
3 weeks to 3 months
4 mm single wall dimension
14 mm pyrloric canal length
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
54
Which side is gastrochisis always found?
Right side
55
When I say:
Most common tumour of foetus or infant
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
56
When I say:
Cervical kyphosis
Lateral thoracic meningocele
Bilateral optic nerve gliomas
NF1
57
When I say:
Bilateral vestibular schwannoma
NF2
58
When I say:
Retinal hamartoma
Tuberous sclerosis
59
When I say:
Retinal angioma
Multiple haemangioblastoma
VHL (Von Hippel Lindau)
60
When I say:
Brain tumour with restricted diffusion
Crosses the midline
Lymphoma
61
When I say:
Cyst and nodule in child
Pilocytic astrocytoma
62
When I say:
Cyst and nodule in adult
Haemangioblastoma
63
When I say:
Swiss cheese tumour in ventricle
Central neurocytoma
64
When I say:
CN 3 palsy
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
65
When I say:
CN 6 palsy
Increased ICP
66
When I say:
Ventricles out of size to atrophy
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
67
When I say:
Haemorrhagic putamen
Methanol
68
When I say:
Decreased FDG uptake in lateral occipital cortex
Lewy body dementia
69
When I say:
TORCH with periventricular calcifications
CMV
70
When I say:
TORCH with hydrocephalus
Toxoplasmosis
71
When I say:
TORCH with haemorrhagic transformation
HSV
72
When I say:
Neonatal infection with frontal lobe atrophy
HIV
73
When I say:
Rapidly progressing dementia
Rapidly progressing atrophy
CJD
74
When I say:
Expanding cortex
Oligodendroglioma
75
When I say:
Tumour acquired after trauma (LP)
Epidermoid
76
When I say:
Palate separated from maxilla/floating palate
Le fort 1
77
When I say:
Face separated from cranium
Le fort 3
78
When I say:
Maxilla separated from the face/pyramidal
Le fort 2
79
When I say:
Airless expanded sinus
Mucocele
80
When I say:
Developmental venous anomaly
Cavernoma
81
When I say:
Single vascular lesion in the pons
Capillary telangiectasia
82
When I say:
Elevated NAA peak
Canavans
83
When I say:
Tigroid appearance
Metachromic leukodystrophy
84
When I say:
Endolymphatic sac tumour
VHL
85
When I say:
T1 bright in petrous apex
Cholesterol granuloma
86
When I say:
Restricted diffusion in petrous apex
Cholesteatoma
87
When I say:
Lateral rectus palsy + Otomastoiditis
Grandenigo syndrome
88
When I say:
Cochlear and semicircular canal enhancement
Labrynthitis
89
When I say:
Conductive hearing loss in an adult
Otosclerosis
90
When I say:
Noise induced vertigo
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence
91
When I say:
Widening of the maxillary ostium
Antrochonal polyp
92
When I say:
Inverted papilloma
Squamous cell cancer
93
When I say:
Adenoid cystic
Perineural spread
94
When I say:
Left sided vocal cord palsy
AP window mass
95
When I say:
Bilateral coloboma
CHARGE syndrome
96
When I say:
Retinal detachement + Small eye
PHPV
97
When I say:
Bilateral small eye
Retinopathy of prematurity
98
Calcification of globe of a child
Retinoblastoma
99
When I say:
Fluid/Fluid levels in the orbit
Lymphangioma
100
When I say:
Orbital lesion worse with valsalva
Orbital varix
101
When I say:
Pulsatile exophthalmos
NF1 and CC fistula
102
When I say:
Sphenoid wing dysplasia
NF1
103
When I say:
Scimitar sacrum
Currarino triad
104
When I say:
Bilateral symmetrical increased T2 signal in dorsal columns
B12 or HIV
105
When I say:
Owl eye appearance of spinal cord
Spinal cord infarct
106
When I say:
Enhancement of nerve roots of cauda equina
Gullain Barre
107
When I say:
Subligamentous spread of infection
TB
108
When I say:
Most common primary brain tumour in adults
Astrocytoma
109
When I say:
Brain tumour that commonly calcifies
Oligodendroglioma
110
When I say:
Restricted diffusion in ventricle
Choroid plexus xanthogranuloma
111
When I say:
Pituitary T1 big and bright
Pituitary apoplexy
112
When I say:
Pituitary T2 bright
Rathke Cleft cyst
113
When I say:
Pituitary calcified
Craniopharyngioma
114
When I say:
CP angle
Invades the IAC
Schwannoma
115
When I say:
CP angle invades both IAC
Schwannoma with NF2
116
When I say:
CP angle mass
Restricts on diffusion
Epidermoid
117
When I say:
Child
Mass arising from vermis
Medulloblastoma
118
When I say:
Child
Toothpaste tumour out of 4th ventricle
Ependymoma
119
When I say:
Hippocampal atrophy first
Alzheimers dementia
120
When I say:
Beaked tectum
Chiari 2 malformation
121
When I say:
Beaked anterior L1 vertebrae
Hurlers
122
When I say:
Sometimes beaked pons
Multi-system atrophy
123
When I say:
Most common TORCH infection
CMV
124
When I say:
Abscess that does not restrict diffusion
Toxoplasmosis
125
When I say:
H&N tumour with positive octreotide scan
Enthesioneuroblastoma
126
When I say:
Most common intra-ocular tumour in adult
Melanoma
127
When I say:
Enhancement of nerve roots >6 weeks post surgery
Arachnoiditis
128
When I say:
Anterior sacral meningocele
Anorectal malformation
Saccrococcgyeal osseous defect
Currarino triad
129
When I say:
Spares the basal ganglia
Herpes
130
When I say:
Most common malignant lacrimal gland tumour
Adenoid cystic adenocarcinoma
131
When I say:
Obliteration of raiders triangle (Retrotracheal space)
Aberrant right subclavian artery
132
When I say:
Flat waist sign
Left lower lobe collapse
133
When I say:
Dental procedure gone bad, now with jaw osteomyelitis, pneumonia
Actinomycoses
134
When I say:
Halo sign
Fungal pneumonia - Invasive aspergillosis
135
When I say:
Reverse halo or atoll sign
COP
136
When I say:
Finger in glove
Asthma
ABPA
137
When I say:
Septic emboli + Jugular vein thrombosis
Fusobacterium Necrophorum
Lemierre
138
When I say:
Paraneoplastic syndrome with SIADH
Squamous cell lung cancer
139
When I say:
Paraneoplastic syndrome with PTH
Squamous cell cancer
140
When I say:
Small cell lung cancer + Proximal weakness
Lambert Eaton
141
When I say:
Cavity fills with air, post pneumonectomy
Bronchopleural fistula
142
When I say:
Malignant bronchial tumour
Carcinoid
143
When I say:
Malignant tracheal tumour
Adenoid cystic
144
When I say:
AIDS patient with lung nodules, pleural effusion and lymphadenopathy
Lymphoma
145
When I say:
Gallium negative
Kaposi sarcoma
146
When I say:
Thallium negative
PCP
147
When I say:
Macroscopic fat and popcorn calcifications
Hamartoma
148
When I say:
Bizarre shaped cysts
LCH
149
When I say:
Lung cysts in a TS patient
LAM
150
When I say:
Honeycombing
UIP
151
When I say:
Ground glass with sub pleural sparing
NSIP
152
When I say:
UIP Lungs + Parietal pleural thickening
Asbestosis
153
When I say:
Cavitation in setting of silicosis
TB
154
When I say:
Air trapping seen 6 months post lung transplant
Chronic rejection/Bronchiolitis Obliterans syndrome
155
When I say:
Crazy paving
PAP or COVID
156
When I say:
Perivascular cysts
LIP
157
When I say:
UIP + Air trapping
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
158
When I say:
Dilated oesophagus + ILD
Scleroderma + NSIP
159
When I say:
Pulmonary HTN with normal wedge pressure
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
160
When I say:
Persistent fluid collection after pleural drain/tube placement
Extrapleural haematoma
161
When I say:
Displaced extrapleural fat
Extrapleural haematoma
162
When I say:
Massive air leak in setting of trauma
Bronchial or tracheal injury
163
When I say:
Hot on PET - around the periphery
Pulmonary infarct
164
When I say:
Multilobar collapse
Sarcoid
165
When I say:
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Fibromuscular dysplasia
166
When I say:
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
Williams syndrome
167
When I say:
Bicuspid aortic valve with coarctation
Turners syndrome
168
When I say:
Isolated right upper lobe oedema
Mitral regurgitation
169
When I say:
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis
Alagille syndrome
170
When I say:
Box shaped heart
Ebsteins anomaly
171
When I say:
Hand/Thumb defects + ASD
Holt Oram
172
When I say:
Ostium primum ASD (ECD)
Downs syndrome
173
When I say:
Right sided PAPVR
Sinus venosus ASD
174
When I say:
Calcification in left atrium wall
Rheumatic heart disease
175
When I say:
Difficult to suppress myocardium
Blood pool suppression on delayed enhancement
Amyloid
176
When I say:
Septal bounce
Ventricular interdependence
Constrictive pericarditis
177
When I say:
Focal thickening of the septum not HOCM
Sarcoid
178
When I say:
Ballooning of the left ventricular apex
Takotsubo
179
When I say:
Fat in the wall of a dilated right ventricle
ARVC (Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
180
When I say:
Kid with dilated heart and mid wall enhancement
Muscular dystrophy
181
When I say:
Cardiac rhabdomyoma
Tuberous sclerosis
182
When I say:
Bilateral ventricular thrombus
Eosinophillic cardiomyopathy
183
When I say:
Diffuse LV Subendocardial enhancement not restricted to a vascular distribution
Cardiac amyloid
184
When I say:
Multiple cardiac myxomas
Carneys complex
185
When I say:
Prominent ventricular trabeculation
Non-compaction
186
When I say:
Vessel in fissure of ligamentum venosum
Replaced left hepatic artery
187
When I say:
Vessel coursing on pelvic rim
Corona mortis
188
When I say:
Ascending aorta calcifications
Syphillis and Takayasu
189
When I say:
Tulip bulb aorta
Marfans
190
When I say:
Marfans variant
Tortous vessels
Loeys Dietz
191
When I say:
Tortuosity of ulnar artery causing a corkscrew appearance
Hypothenar Hammer
192
When I say:
Renal artery stenosis with HTN in a child
NF1
193
When I say:
Nasty looking saccular aneurysm without intimal calcifications
Mycotic aneurysm
194
When I say:
Tree bark intimal calcifications
Syphillitic aneurysm
195
When I say:
Painful aneurysm in smoker, sparing the posterior wall
Inflammatory aneurysm
196
When I say:
Turkish man with pulmonary artery anuerysm
Behcets
197
When I say:
GI Bleed with early opacification of a dilated draining vein
Colonic angiodysplasia
198
When I say:
Spider webb appearance of hepatic veins on angiogram
Budd Chiari
199
When I say:
Non-de-compressible varicocele
Right sided varicocele
CT AP for abdominal malignancy
200
When I say:
Swollen left leg
May Thurner syndrome
201
When I say:
Great saphenous vein on the wrong side of the calf - lateral side
Marginal vein of servelle (Klippel feil syndrome)
202
When I say:
Asian
Vasculitis involves the aorta
Takayasu
203
When I say:
Child with vertigo and aortitis
Cogan syndrome
204
When I say:
Nasal perforation + Cavitary lung lesions
Wegeners
205
When I say:
Diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage
Microscopic polyangitis
206
When I say:
Smoker + Hand angiogram
Beurgers
207
When I say:
Unilateral tardus parvus in the carotid
Stenosis of the innominate
208
When I say:
Bilateral tardus parvus in the carotids
Aortic stenosis
209
When I say:
Bilateral reversal of flow in carotids
Aortic regurgitation
210
When I say:
Lack of diastolic flow on carotid US
Brain death
211
When I say:
IVC >28 mm
Mega Cava
212
When I say:
Hairpin turn during bronchial angiography
Anterior medullary artery
213
When I say:
Pulmonary AVM
HHT
214
When I say:
AIDS + Bilateral GGO + Thin walled cysts + Pneumothorax
PCP
215
When I say: Most common vascular ring
Double aortic arch
216
When I say: Most common congenital heart disease
VSD
217
When I say:
Most common neoplasm to involve the cardiac valves
Fibroelastoma
218
When I say:
Most common primary cardiac tumour in children
Rhabdomyoma
219
When I say:
2nd most common primary cardiac tumour in children
Fibroma
220
When I say:
Most common cause of cardiac mets
Lung cancer
Lymphoma
221
When I say:
Claudication
Absent/Decreased femoral pulses
Impotence
Leriche syndrome
222
When I say:
Most common associated defect with aortic coarctation
Bicuspid aorta
223
When I say:
Medial deviation of the popliteal artery by the medial head of gastronemius
Popliteal entrapment
224
When I say:
Most common vasculitis in a child
HSP
225
When I say:
Tardus parvus
Stenosis proximal to that vessel
226
When I say:
Mystery liver abscess in a kid
Chronic granulomatous disease
227
When I say:
Oesophageal concentric rings
Eosinophilic oesophagitis
228
When I say:
Shaggy or plaque like oesophagus
Candidiasis
229
When I say:
Shaggy or plaque like oesophagus
Asymptomatic old lady
Glycogen Acanthosis
230
When I say:
Reticular mucosal pattern
High stricture with associated hiatal hernia
Barretts
231
When I say:
Abrupt shoulders
Oesophageal lesion
Cancer
232
When I say:
Killian dehiscence
Zenker diverticulum
233
When I say:
Transient fine transverse folds across the oesophagus
Feline oesophagus
234
When I say:
Birds beak
Oesophageal lesion
Achalasia
235
When I say:
Solitary oesophageal ulcer
CMV/AIDS
236
When I say:
Ulcers at level of arch or distal oesophagus
Medication induced
237
When I say:
Breast cancer
Bowel hamartomas
Cowdens
238
When I say:
Brain tumours
Bowel polyps
Turcots
239
When I say:
Desmoid tumours
Bowel polyps
Gardners
240
When I say:
Enlarged left supraclavicular node
Virchow node (GI Cancer)
241
When I say:
Crosses the pylorus
Gastric lymphoma
242
When I say:
Isolated gastric varices
Splenic vein thrombus
243
When I say:
Multiple gastric ulcers
Chronic aspirin use
244
When I say:
Multiple duodenal/jejunal ulcers
Zollinger Ellison
245
When I say:
Pancreatitis post bilroth 2
Afferent loop syndrome
246
When I say:
Weight gain years post Roux-en-Y
Gastro-Gastro fistula
247
When I say:
Clover leaf sign in duodenum
Healed peptic ulcer
248
When I say:
Sand like nodules in jejunum
Whipples
249
When I say:
Sand like nodules in jejunum + CD4 <100
MAI
250
When I say:
Ribbon like bowel
GvHost
251
When I say:
Ribbon like jejunum
Moulage pattern (Loss of jejunal folds)
Fold reversal of jejunum/ileum
Cavitary lymph nodes
Long standing coeliac
252
When I say:
Hidebound or stack of coins
Megaduodenum
Scleroderma
253
When I say:
Duodenal obstruction
recent weight loss
SMA syndrome
254
When I say:
Cone shaped caecum
Amebiasis
255
When I say:
Lead pipe
Ulcerative colitis
256
When I say:
String sign
Crohns
257
When I say:
Massive circumferential thickening without obstruction
Lymphoma
258
When I say:
Multiple small bowel target signs
Melanoma
259
When I say:
Scalloped appearance of the liver
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
260
When I say:
HCC without cirrhosis
Hep B or Fibrolamellar HCC
261
When I say:
Capsular retraction
Cholangiocarcinoma
262
When I say:
Periportal hypoechoic infiltration + AIDS
Kaposi's
263
When I say:
Sparing of caudate lobe
Budd Chiari
264
When I say:
Large T2 bright nodes + Budd chiari
Hyperplastic nodules
265
When I say:
Liver Low signal in phase
Low High out of phase
Haemochromatosis
266
When I say:
Multifocal intrahepatic and extra hepatic biliary stricture
PSC
267
When I say:
Multifocal intrahpeatic and extra hepatic biliary strictures
Papillary stenosis
AIDS Cholangiopathy
268
When I say:
Bile ducts full of stones
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
269
When I say:
Gallbladder comet tail artifact
Adenomyomatosis
270
When I say:
Lipomatous pseudo hypertrophy of the pancreas
Cystic fibrosis
271
When I say:
Sausage shaped pancreas
Autoimmune pancreatitis
272
When I say:
RP Fibrosis
Sclerosing cholangitis
Fibrosing mediastinitis
Inflammatory pseudotumour
IgG4
273
When I say:
Wide duodenal sweep
Pancreatic cancer
274
When I say:
Grandmother pancreatic cyst
Serous cystadenoma
275
When I say:
Mother pancreatic cyst
Mucinous
276
When I say:
Daughter pancreatic cyst
Solid pseudo papillary (SPEN)
277
When I say:
Bladder stones
Neurogenic bladder
278
When I say:
Urethra cancer
Squamous cell cancer
279
When I say:
Urethra cancer - prostatic portion
Transitional cell cancer
280
When I say:
Urethra cancer - in a diverticulum
Adenocarcinoma
281
When I say:
Long term suprapubic catheter
Squamous bladder Ca
282
When I say:
E.coli infection
Malakoplakia
283
When I say:
Vas deferens calcifications
Diabetes
284
When I say:
Calcifications in a fatty renal mass
RCC
285
When I say:
Protrude into the renal pelvis
Multilocular cystic nephroma
286
When I say:
No functional renal tissue
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
287
When I say:
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonpehritis
Staghorn calculus
288
When I say:
Papillary necrosis
Diabetes
289
When I say:
Shrunken calcified kidney
TB (Putty kidney)
290
When I say:
Big bright kidney with decreased renal function
HIV
291
When I say:
Hx of lithotripsy
Page kidney
292
When I say:
Cortical rim sign
Subacute renal infarct
293
When I say:
Hx of renal biopsy
AVF
294
When I say:
Reversed renal diastolic flow
Renal vein thrombosis
295
When I say:
Sickle cell trait
Renal mass
Medullary RCC
296
When I say:
Young adult, renal mass
Severe HTN
Juxtaglomerular cell tumour
297
When I say:
Squamous bladder ca
Entire bladder calcified
Schistosomiasis
298
When I say:
Urachus
Adenocarcinoma of the bladder
299
When I say:
Long stricture in the urethra
Gonococcal
300
When I say:
Short stricture in the urethra
Straddle injury
301
When I say:
T shaped uterus
DES related or Vaginal clear cell cancer
302
When I say:
Marked enlargement of the uterus
Thickening of the junctional zone
Adenomyosis
303
When I say:
Wolffian duct remnant
Gartner duct cyst
304
When I say:
Theca lutein cysts
Moles and multiple gestations
305
When I say:
Theca lutein cysts and pleural effusions
Hyperstimulation syndrome
306
When I say:
Low level internal echoes in ovary
Endometrioma
307
When I say:
T2 shortening
Endometrioma - Shading sign
308
When I say:
Fishnet appearance
Haemorrhagic cyst
309
When I say:
Ovarian fibroma + Pleural effusion
Meigs syndrome
310
When I say:
Show storm uterus
Complete mole - 1st trimester
311
When I say:
Serum HcG levels that rise in 8-10 weeks post evacuation of molar pregnancy
Choriocaricinoma
312
When I say:
Midline cystic structure near back of bladder of a man
Prostatic utricle
313
When I say:
Lateral cystic structure near back of bladder of a man
Seminal vesicle cyst
314
When I say:
Isolated orchitis
Mumps
315
When I say:
20-30 yr old male with enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes
US testicles ?Malignancy
316
When I say:
Onion skin appearance
Epidermoid cyst
317
When I say:
Multiple hypoechoic masses in testicle
Lymphoma
318
When I say:
Cystic elements and macro-calcifications in testicle
Mixed germ cell tumour
319
When I say:
Homogenous and microcalcificaitons
Seminoma
320
When I say:
Gynecomastia + Testicular tumour
Sertoli Leydig
321
When I say:
Bilateral solid testicular masses
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal rests
322
When I say:
Bilateral solid testicular and epididymis masses
Testicular sarcoid
323
When I say:
Bilateral, small, hyper echoic, avascular masses
Cowden syndrome
Focal lipomatosis
324
When I say:
Fetal macrosomia
Maternal diabetes
325
When I say:
One artery adjacent to the bladder
Two vessel cord
326
When I say:
Painless vaginal bleeding in the 3rd trimester
Placenta praaevia
327
When I say:
Thinning of myometrium
Turbulent doppler
Placenta creta
328
When I say:
Cystic mass in posterior neck - antenatal period
Cystic hygroma
329
When I say:
Pleural effusions & Ascites on prenatal US
Hydrops
330
When I say:
Complex debris filled hydrosalpinx in woman with STI
PID/Tubo-ovarian abscess
331
When I say:
Complex debris filled hydrosalpinx in woman without STI
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma
332
When I say:
Massively enlarged bilateral kidneys
ARPKD
333
When I say:
Bone scan with hot skull sutures
Renal osteodystrophy
334
When I say:
Bone scan with renal cortex activity
Haemochromatosis
335
When I say:
Bone scan with liver activity
Amyloid
Hepatoma
Liver necrosis
336
When I say:
Bone scan with diffusely decreased bone uptake
Bisphosphonate therapy
337
When I say:
Tramline along periosteum of long bones
Lung ca
338
When I say:
Super hot mandible in adult
Fibrous dysplasia
339
When I say:
Super hot mandible in child
Caffeys
340
When I say:
Periarticular uptake on delayed scan
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
341
When I say:
PET with increased muscle uptake
Insulin
342
When I say:
Diffuse FDG uptake in the thyroid on PET
Hashimoto
343
When I say:
See the skeleton on MIBG
Neuroblastoma bone mets
344
When I say:
Cardiac tissue taking up FDG more intense than normal myocardium
Hibernating myocardium
345
When I say:
Posterior elbow dislocation
Capitellum fracture
346
When I say:
Chorndroblastoma in adult
Malignant epiphyseal lesion
Clear cell chondroblastoma
347
When I say:
Permeative lesion in the diaphysis of a child
Ewings
348
When I say:
T2 bright lesion in the sacrum
Chordoma
349
When I say:
Lytic T2 dark lesion
Fibrosarcoma
350
When I say:
Sarcomatous transformation of an infarct
MFH (Malignant fibrous histiocytoma)
351
When I say:
Epiphyseal lesion that is not T2 bright
Chondroblastoma
352
When I say:
Short 4th metacarpal
Pseudo-pseudo-hypo-parathyroidism
Turner syndrome
353
When I say:
Band like acro-osteolysis
Hajdu-Cheney
354
When I say:
Fat containing tumour in retroperitoneum
Liposarcoma
355
When I say:
Sarcoma in foot
Synovial sarcoma
356
When I say:
Avulsion of the lesser trochanter
Pathologic fracture
357
When I say:
Cross over sign
Pincer type FAI
358
When I say:
Segond fracture
Deep intercondylar notch
ACL tear
359
When I say:
Reverse segond fracture
Arcuate sign/Fibular head fracture
PCL
360
When I say:
Bilateral patellar tendon ruptures
Chronic steroids
361
When I say:
Wide ankle mortise
Proximal fibula (Maisonneuve)
362
When I say:
Bilateral calcaneal fractures
Spinal compression fracture
363
When I say:
Dancer with lateral foot pain
Avulsion of 5 MT
364
When I say:
Old lady with sudden knee pain with standing
SONK
365
When I say:
Looser zones
Osteomalacia or rickets (Vitamin D)
366
When I say:
Unilateral RA with preserved joint spaces
RSD
367
When I say:
T2 bright tumour in finger
Glomus
368
When I say:
Blooming in tumour in finger
PVNS
369
When I say:
Atrophy of teres minor
Quadrilateral space syndrome
370
When I say:
Subluxation of biceps tendon
Subscapularis tear
371
When I say:
Too many bowties in knee
Discoid meniscus
372
When I say:
Celery stalk ACL - T2
Drumstick ACL - T1
Mucoid degeneration
373
When I say:
Acute flat foot
Posterior tibial tendon tear
374
When I say:
Boomerang shaped peroneus brevis
Tear or split/tear
375
When I say:
Meniscoid mass in lateral ankle
Anterolateral impingement syndrome
376
When I say:
Scar between 3rd and 4th MT
Mortons neuroma
377
When I say:
OM in spine with kyphosis
TB (Gibbus deformity)
378
When I say:
Unilateral SIJ lysis
IVDU
379
When I say:
Psoas muscle abscess
Rice bodies in joint
TB
380
When I say:
Calcification along periphery of soft tissue mass
Myositis Ossificans
381
When I say:
Calcification more dense in centre of soft tissue mass
Osteosarcoma
382
When I say:
Long lesion in long bone
Fibrous dysplasia
383
When I say:
Large amount of oedema for size of the lesion
Osteoid Osteoma
384
When I say:
Cystic bone lesion that is not T2 bright
Chondroblastoma
385
When I say:
Lesion in finger of a kid
Periosteal chondroma
386
When I say:
Looks like NOF in anterior tibia with anterior bowing
Osteofibrous dysplasia
387
When I say:
RA + Pneumoconiosis
Caplan syndrome
388
When I say:
RA + Big spleen + Neutropenia
Felty syndrome
389
When I say:
Epiphyseal overgrowth
JRA or haemophilia
390
When I say:
Reducible deformity of the joints
SLE
391
When I say:
Destructive mass in bone of leukaemia patient
Chloroma
392
When I say:
Elbow dislocation
Medial epicondyle fracture
393
When I say:
Shrinking breast
ILC
394
When I say:
Thick coopers ligaments
Oedema (CHF)
395
When I say:
Dashes no dots
Cigar shaped calcifications
Secretory calcifications
396
When I say:
Popcorn calcifications
Degenerated fibroadenoma
397
When I say:
Breast within a breast
Hamartoma
398
When I say:
Fat fluid level
Galactocele
399
When I say:
Rapid growing fibroadenoma
Phyllodes
400
When I say:
Swollen red breast, not responding to ABx
Inflammatory breast cancer
401
When I say:
Architectural distortion + Calcifications
IDC + DCIS
402
When I say:
Architectural distortion without calcifications
ILC
403
When I say:
Stepladder sign
Linguine sign
Intracapsular rupture on US & MRI
404
When I say:
Residual calls in lumpectomy bed
Local recurrence
405
When I say:
Proximal gallstone ileus
Bouveret syndrome
406
When I say:
Most common mesenchymal tumour in GIT
GIST
407
When I say:
Most common location for GIST?
Stomach
408
When I say:
Most common islet cell tumour
Insulinoma
409
When I say:
Endometrioma transforms into
Clear cell cancer
410
When I say:
Dermoid transforms into (Ovary)
Squamous cell cancer
411
When I say:
Patella dislocation
Almost always lateral
412
When I say:
Most common tibial plateau fracture
Lateral
413
When I say:
Favours medial knee
SONK
414
When I say:
T score <-2.5
Osteoporosis
415
When I say:
Which meniscus is thicker posteriorly
Medial
416
When I say:
Most commonly torn ankle ligament
ATFL
417
When I say:
TB in the spine
Spares the disc space
418
Where are the following brain tumours found?
Oligodendroglioma
DNET
Ganglioglioma
PXA
Cortical
419
When I say:
Oligodendroglioma
Ganglioglioma
Brain tumours that calcify
420
When I say:
PXA
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Haemangioblastoma
Solid/Cystic + Enhancing mural nodule
421
When I say:
Brain tumour that restricts diffusion
Lymphoma
GBM
422
What are the requirements for an FDG PET scan?
Fating 6 hours
No insulin and normal glucose
Patient at rest post injection
423
What are the causes of a super scan?
- Sclerotic metastatic disease - Prostate/Breast
- Metabolic - Hyperparathyroidism or Renal osteodystrophy
- Pagets disease
- Myelofibrosis
424
When I say:
Hot nodule on isotope imaging
Thyroid adenoma
425
When I say:
Decreased iodine uptake and hyperthyroidism
De Quervains thyroiditis
426
When I say:
Cold spots on nuclear medicine studies
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
427
When I say:
Thyroid cancer that responds to radio-iodine ablation?
Papillary
Follicular
428
When I say:
Thyroid cancers that dont respond to radio-iodine ablation?
Medullary
Anaplastic
429
What do the following findings suggest?
Absent cortical mantle
Due to bilateral ICA occlusion
Destruction of both cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum, midbrain and falx present
Hydranencephaly
430
What do the following findings suggest?
Cortical mantle present
Falx present
Severe hydrocephalus
431
What do the following findings suggest?
Cortical mantle present
Falx absent
Holoprosencephaly - Alobar
432
What do the following findings suggest?
High T2/FLAIR in medial thalamus
High T2/FLAIR in periaqueductal gray, mamillary bodies and tectal plate
Enhancement in mamillary bodies
Wernicke Encephalopathy (Thiamine deficiency)
433
What do the following findings suggest?
High T2/FLAIR in corpus callosum
Seizures + Muscle rigidity
Begins in CC body - genu - splenium
Chronic: Thinned CC + Cystic cavities favouring genu + splenium
Machiafava Bignami
434
What do the following findings suggest?
Optic nerve atrophy
Haemorrhagic putamen
Subcortical white matter necrosis
T2 bright putamin
CT Hyperdense putamin
Methanol toxicity
435
What do the following findings suggest?
CT Hypodensity in globus pallidus
T2 bright globus pallidus
Carbon monoxide
436
What do the following findings suggest?
Young child
Post viral illness/vaccination
Multiple large T2 bright lesions enhancing in open ring pattern
Patchy, large asymmetric white matter lesions
Does not involve callososeptal interface
Peripheral/incomplete ring enhancement
ADEM (Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis)
437
What do the following findings suggest?
Transverse myelitis - long segment spinal cord enhancement >3 segments
Optic neuritis - enhancing optic nerve
Periependymal lesions, confluent. Dorsal medulla (Area postrema)
High T2/FLAIR lesions in cord and optic nerve
Devics (Neuromyelitis optica)
438
What do the following findings suggest?
Hippocampal atrophy (Medial temporal)
Also biparietal atrophy
Low posterior temporoparietal region + Posterior cingulate FDG uptake
Alzheimer disease
439
What do the following findings suggest?
Cortical infarcts and lacunar infarcts
Generalised brain atrophy
Multiple scattered areas of decreased activity on FDG pet, no lobar predominance
Motor strip may be involved
Vascular dementia
440
What do the following findings suggest?
Mild generalised atrophy without lobar predominance
Hippocampi normal in size
Decreased FDG uptake in lateral occipital cortex + Spares posterior cingulate gyrus
DAT Scan - decreased striatal uptake (full stop not comma)
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
441
What do the following findings suggest?
Younger patient
Severe asymmetric atrophy of frontal lobes
- Anterior/Posterior gradient
Milder volume loss in temporal lobes
Low FDG uptake in frontal + temporal lobes
Frontotemporal dementia
442
What do the following findings suggest?
Extensive basal ganglia and thalamus calcification
Extensive calcification in cerebellar dentate nuclei
Fahr disease
443
What do the following findings suggest?
Iron in globus pallidus
T2 dark medial basal ganglia with central dot high signal (Necrosis) - Eye of the tiger
No enhancement
No restricted diffusion
Hallervorden Spatz
444
What do the following findings suggest?
Macrocephaly with metopic beak
Beaked inferior L1 anterior vertebral body
Enlarged perivascular spaces
Hurler syndrome (Lysosomal storage disease)
445
What do the following findings suggest?
Sparing of midbrain and superior cerebellar peduncles
DAT scan periods
Parkinsons disease
446
What do the following findings suggest?
Cerebellar hemisphere/peduncle atrophy
Shrunken flat pons
Enlarged 4th ventricle
Hot cross bun sign - loss of transverse fibres
MSA (Multisystem Atrophy)
447
What do the following findings suggest?
Tegmentum atrophy with sparing of the tectum and peduncles
Midbrain volume loss with concave upper surface + relative sparing of the pons
PSP (Progressive supra nuclear palsy)
448
What do the following findings suggest?
T1 and T2 bright basal ganglia
T2 bright dorsal medial thalamus
T2 bright tegmenjtum with normal dark nuclei & substantia nigra
Cortical atrophy on CT
Wilson disease
449
What do the following findings suggest?
X linked
Normal head size
Parieto-occipital predominance High FLAIR signal
Extends across splenium of CC
Can restrict and enhance
Adrenoleukodystrophy
450
What do the following findings suggest?
Normal head size
Frontal predominance and periventricular and deep white matter tigroid pattern high FLAIR signal
U fibers spared
Metachromatic
451
What do the following findings suggest? big head
Frontal predominance high FLAIR signal
Can enhance
Alexander disease
452
What do the following findings suggest?
Big head
Diffuse bilateral subcortical U fibers high FLAIR signal
Elevated NAA
Canavan disease
453
What do the following findings suggest?
Small head
Centrum semiovale and periventricular white matter with parieto-occipital predominance high FLAIR signal
- High density foci on CT (Thalamus, caudate, white matter)
Sparing of subcortical U fibers
Krabbe disease
454
The following are associated with which syndrome?
Optic glioma
Astrocytoma
NF 1
455
The following are associated with which syndrome?
Multiple schwannomas
Meningiomas
Ependymomas
NF2
456
The following are associated with which syndrome?
Haemnagioblastoma
VHL
457
What do the following findings suggest?
Supratentorial tumour - temporal lobe
Cyst with nodule
No peritumeral T2 signal
Age 10-20
Will enhance
Dural tail + lepto/pachy-meningeal enhancement
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
458
What do the following findings suggest?
Child <20
Seizures
Temporal lobe
Hypodense on CT
High T2 signal bubbly/multicystic lesion, bright FLAIR Rim + loss of signal in bubbles
Can have calcification
Wedge shaped
No enhancement, no restricted diffusion
DNET (Dysembryoplastic Neuroeptelial tumour)
459
What do the following findings suggest?
>40yrs
Calcification
Frontal lobe
Expands the cortex, cortical infiltration and marked thickening
Can enhance
No T2/FLAIR mismatch
Oligodendroglioma
460
What do the following findings suggest?
Any age, usually young <30yrs
Temporal lobe, or anywhere
Seizures
Cystic and solid with focal calcifications
No oedema
Calcification
Can enhance
Ganglioglioma
461
What do the following findings suggest?
6yrs or 30yrs
Floor of 4th ventricle location, can extend to foramen of Magendie and Luschka
Parenchymal supratentorial
Large on presentation - well defined
Cystic/haemorrhagic components
Heterogenous enhancement
Calcification
Ependymoma
462
What do the following findings suggest?
<10yrs
Cerebellar location - vermis/roof of 4th ventricle
Projects into 4th ventricle
Hyperdense on CT
Heterogenous on T1 & T2, enhances homogeneously
Restricted diffusion
Can calcify
Drop mets
Medulloblastoma
463
What do the following findings suggest?
Medulloblastoma
Dural calcifications
Basal cell cancer
Odontogenic cysts
Gorlin syndrome
464
What do the following findings suggest?
Young patient with subependymal nodules
Enhancing, T1 + T2 heterogenous
Partially calcified lesion
Foramen of Monro
>5 mm
SEGA
465
What do the following findings suggest?
Adult
Interventricular mass - Foramen of Monroe or 4th ventricle
Well circumscribed, expansile
Hydrocephalus
Does not enhance
T2 bright
Subependymoma
466
What do the following findings suggest?
<5yrs children
Interventricular mass
Hydrocephalus
Trigone of lateral ventricle
Solitary
Choroid plexus carcinoma
467
What do the following findings suggest?
Trigone of lateral ventricles or any intraventricular location
Homogenously enhancing mass
Intraventricular meningioma
468
What do the following findings suggest?
CP Angle location
Enhances strongly & Heterogenous
Widens porus acousticus - ice cream cone IAC
Can have cystic degeneration/haemorhhage
Acute angle with petrous temporal bone
Vestibular Schwannoma
469
What do the following findings suggest?
CP Angle location
Enhances homogeneously
Doesn’t invade the IAC
Calcification
Dural tail, hyperostosis at tail
Obtuse angle with petrous temporal bone
CP Angle meningioma
470
What do the following findings suggest?
<6yrs
Supra or infratentorial location
Most common in cerebellum
Large
Necrotic features
Heterogenous enhancement
Calcifications
Atypical teratoma/Rhabdoid tumour
471
What do the following findings suggest?
Cyst with nodule
Child <15yrs
No flow voids, cyst wall enhances
Enhancing nodule
Posterior fossa or optic chiasm
T2 bright
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA)
472
What do the following findings suggest?
Adult
Cyst with nodule
Nodule is isodense on CT, Low T1, T2 high, contrast enhancement
Flow voids along periphery of cyst
Cerebellum
Haemangioblastoma
473
What do the following findings suggest?
Sella location may extend to suprasellar
Gland & mass inseparable
T1 dark T2 bright lesion
Uptake contrast slower than normal pituitary
Pituitary adenoma
474
What do the following findings suggest?
Lesion between anterior and posterior pituitary
Cystic + Intra-cystic nodule Bright T1 + Dark on T2
T1 variable
T2 very bright
No enhancement of cyst
Rathke cleft cyst
475
What do the following findings suggest?
Child
Calcified + cystic
Sella turcica region - displaces pituitary gland
T1 bright, T2 bright, Enhance strongly
Solid lesion
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma
476
What do the following findings suggest?
Pineal region
Precocious puberty
Mass containing fat and central calcification
Variable contrast enhancement
Heterogenous on T1 and T2 (Mixed)
Germinoma
477
What do the following findings suggest?
Childhood
Pineal region
Invasive
Associated with retinoblastoma
Heterogenous
Enhance vividly
Peripheral calcifications (Expanded)
Pineoblastoma
478
What do the following findings suggest?
Adult
Pineal region
Well circumscribed
Non-invasive
Solid with expanded calcification pattern
Enhancement of solid components
Pineocytoma
479
What do the following findings suggest?
Cystic lesion in pineal region
May have thin enhancement
T1 dark T2 bright
Pineal cyst
480
What do the following findings suggest?
Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma
Breast cancer
Cowdens
481
What do the following findings suggest?
Brain atrophy - cerebellar
Periventricular hypo densities T2/FLAIR high signal
Thin ependymal enhancement
Adult
CMV
482
What do the following findings suggest?
Leptomeningeal enhancement
Dilated perivascular spaces filled with mucoid material that doesn’t enhance
Basal ganglia lesions - T1 dark T2 bright, ring enhancement
Cryptococcus
483
What do the following findings suggest?
T1 dark, T2 bright ring enhancing lesions
Target sign on FLAIR
No restricted diffusion
Perilesional oedema
Toxoplasmosis
484
What do the following findings suggest?
Basal cisterns - enhancement of basilar meninges with minimal nodularity
Dystrophic calcifications
Hydrocephalus
TB Meningitis or sarcoid
485
What do the following findings in haemorrhage suggest?
T1 Iso
T2 Bright
Hyperacute haemorrhage
<24hrs
Oxyhemoglobin + Intracellular
486
What dot the following findings in haemorrhage suggest?
T1 iso
T2 Dark
Acute haemorrhage
<3 days
Deoxyhaemoglobin + Intracellular
487
The following bleed appears as what signal on MR?
Early subacute
>3 days
Methaemoglobin Intracellular
T1 Bright
T2 Dark
488
How does the following bleed appear on MRI?
Late subacute
>7 days
Methemoglobin Extracellular
T1 Bright
T2 Bright
489
What does the following bleed present as on MRI
Chronic
>14 days
Haemosiderrin, Extracellular
T1 Dark
T2 Dark
Centre - is high on T2
490
What do the following findings suggest?
Haemorrhage in midbrain and pons without extension to lateral Sylvia cisterns or interhemispheric fissure
(Anterior to brainstem)
Benign Perimesencephalic haemorrhage
491
What do the following findings suggest?
Multiple dark spots on GE imaging
Older patient
Multiple peripheral haemorrhagic foci in normotensive elderly patient
Convexity SAH
Amyloid angiopathy
492
What do the following findings suggest?
Caudate hypo density
Recurrent artery of heubner infarct
493
What do the following findings suggest?
Supratentorial location
Arterial component
Nidus - calcified
Draining veins
Adjacent vein may be gliotic (T2 bright) and atrophic
High flow AVM
494
What do the following findings suggest?
High/Low flow
No nidus
Acquired
Dural AVF
495
What do the following findings suggest?
Caput medusa - collection of vessels converging towards enlarged vein on venous phase
Halo of T2 bright gliosis
DVA
496
What do the following findings suggest?
Popcorn like peripheral rim of haemosiderin on GE
No intervening normal tissue
Fluid fluid level = intralesional haemorrhage
Cavernous malformation - cavernoma
497
What do the following findings suggest?
Brush like or stippled pattern enhancement
GE - blooming
Low flow with intervening normal tissue
Single lesion in pons is most common
Doesn’t bleed
Capillary telangiectasia
498
What do the following findings suggest?
subcortical calcification (seen at an earlier age than plain film) and associated parenchymal volume loss
Tram track/double lined gyriform pattern parallel to cerebral folds
Sturge weber
499
What type of temporal bone fracture is this?
Long axis of Temporal bone
More common
Ossicular dislocation
Conductive hearing loss
Longitudinal temporal bone fracture
500
What type of temporal bone fracture is this?
Short axis of temporal bone
Less common
Vascular injury (Carotid/jugular)
Facial nerve injury
SNHL
Transverse temporal fracture
501
What do the following findings suggest?
Lesion in petrous apex well defined on CT
T1 & T2 bright, T2 dark haemosiderin rim
Faint peripheral enhancement
No restriction
Smooth expansile bony change
Cholesterol granuloma
502
What do the following findings suggest?
Petrous apex lesion
T1 dark
T2 bright
Restricted diffusion
Smooth expansile bony change
Cholesteatoma (Epidermoid)
503
What do the following findings suggest?
Young male
Nidus centered on sphenopalatine foramen
Bone remodelling - bowing of posterior maxillary wall, no destruction
Vascular (Enhancing) + Flow voids on MR
Juvenile Nasal Angiofibroma
504
What do the following findings suggest?
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Middle turbinate
Focal hyperostosis at tumour origin
Cerebriform pattern on MR - T1/T2 similar to brain, high/low signal lines
Inverted Papilloma
505
What do the following findings suggest?
Infection involving submandibular space and sublingual space
Gas present in these spaces
Fat stranding
Ludwigs Angina (Floor of mouth cellulitis)
506
What do the following findings suggest?
Cystic lesion
Lateral - arising from sublingual gland/space
Plunging under mylohyoid muscle into submandibular space
Ranula
507
What do the following findings suggest?
Midline
Cystic mass - thin walled
Thyroglossal duct cyst
508
What do the following findings suggest?
Sac of marbles - fluid sac with globules of fat
Midline
Floor of mouth dermoid/epidermoid
509
What do the following findings suggest?
Inflammation from dental caries around root
Cystic degeneration around periodontal ligament
Apex of non-vital tooth
Well corticated border
<2cm
Periapical cyst (Radicular cyst)
510
What do the following findings suggest?
Cyst forming around crown of un-erupted tooth
Expansile and unilocular
Displace and resorb teeth adjacent to it
Dentigerous cyst
511
What do the following findings suggest?
Mandibular ramus or body
Uni/Multilocular
Expansile, sharp margins
Associated with root, no infection
Along length of bone, no significant cortical expansion
Keratogenic Odontogenic tumour
512
What do the following findings suggest?
Multicystic with solid components - soap bubbles
Expansion of the mandible
Tooth root absorption
Permeative cortical bone erosion
Ameloblastoma (Adamantinoma of jaw)
513
What do the following findings suggest?
Most common in parotid (Superficial lobe)
Hypoechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement
T1 low, T2 high signal, rim of low signal, homogenous enhancement
Pleomorphic adenoma
514
What do the following findings suggest?
Parotid gland - Tail
Male smoker
Solid cystic, bilateral
US: ovoid, with well-defined margins and multiple irregular, small, sponge-like anechoic areas
T1: low to intermediate signal
T2: heterogeneous
T1 C+ (Gd): cystic components do not take up contrast while solid parts usually enhance
Warthins tumour
515
Which salivary gland tumour is associated with perineural spread?
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
516
What do the following findings suggest?
Bilateral homogenous parotid gland lesions
Lymphoma (Associated with Sjogrens disease)
517
If there is a mass in the carotid space, which direction will it displace the parapharyngeal space?
Anterior displacement
518
If there is a mass in the Parotid space, which direction will it displace the parapharyngeal space?
Medial displacement
519
If there is a mass in the Masticator space, which direction will it displace the parapharyngeal space?
Posterior + Medial displacement
520
If there is a mass in the Superficial mucosal space, which direction will it displace the parapharyngeal space?
Lateral displacement
521
What do the following findings suggest?
Orbital mass
Calcification in the globe
Normal or big globe
<3yrs
Can be bilateral
Retinoblastoma
522
What do the following findings suggest?
Orbital mass
Small globe
Boys, unilateral
No calcification
CT - Dense
T1 + T2 high signal
Coats disease (Retinal telangectasia leading to leaky blood and exudate)
523
What do the following findings suggest?
Small eye
Increased density of vitreous humour
No calcification
Persistent hyper plastic primary vitreous (Failure of embryonic occular blood supply to regress)
524
What do the following findings suggest?
V shaped retina
Retinal detachment
525
What do the following findings suggest?
<20 yrs
Expansion and enlargement of entire optic nerve
Optic nerve glioma
526
What do the following findings suggest?
Tram track calcifications of the optic nerve
Circumferential enhancement around the optic nerve
Optic nerve sheath meningioma
527
What do the following findings suggest?
Bilateral sphenoid wing invasion
Neuroblastoma
528
What do the following findings suggest?
Unilateral sphenoid wing invasion
Ewings sarcoma
529
What do the following findings suggest?
Expanded extra-occular muscle
Painful
Unilateral + Anterior tendon
Lateral & Superior rectus rectus
Does not spare muscle insertions
T2 dark
Contrast enhancement
Idiopathic orbital inflammation
530
What do the following findings suggest?
Expanded extra-ocular muscle
Not painful
Bilateral
Spares muscle tendons
T2 dark
Contrast enhancement
Thyroid orbitopathy
531
What do the following findings suggest?
Can involve any part of the orbit
Bilateral
Lacrimal gland and Lateral rectus
Spares anterior tendon
Bilateral involvement of V2 - infraorbital nerve
Not painful
IgG4 Orbital disease
532
What do the following findings suggest?
Ill defined, lack capsule
Infiltrative lesion
Fluid-fluid levels
Does not distend with valsalva
Lymphangioma (Venous lymphatic malformation)
533
What do the following findings suggest?
Ill defined, lack capsule
Infiltrative lesion
Fluid-fluid levels
Distends with valsalva
Orbital varix
534
What do the following findings suggest?
Post traumatic
Orbital fat stranding
Diffuse extra-orbital muscle enlargement
Pulsatile exophthalmos
Prominent superior ophthalmic vein with proptosis
Prominent cavernous sinus
Carotid-Cavernous fistula
535
What do the following findings suggest?
Vertebral body endplates
T1 dark
T2 bright
Modic I (Oedema)
536
What do the following findings suggest?
Vertebral body endplates
T1 bright
T2 bright
Modic II (Fat)
537
What do the following findings suggest?
Vertebral body endplates
T1 dark
T2 dark
Modic III (Scar/Fibrosis)
538
What do the following findings suggest?
Collection around VB
Post surgery
Enhancement homogeneously
Epidural fibrosis (Scar)
539
What do the following findings suggest?
Clumped nerve roots
Empty thecal sac
Arachnoiditis
If enhancement >6 weeks post surgery = infection
540
What do the following findings suggest?
Axial loading injury
Anterior & Posterior C1 arch fracture
Lateral displacement of fracture fragments
Increased distance between lateral masses of C1 and odontoid peg
Jefferson fracture
541
What do the following findings suggest?
Fracture through bilateral pars at C2
Anterior subluxation of C2/3 >2mm
Associated anterior inferior C2 corner fracture
Hangmans fracture
542
What do the following findings suggest?
Impaction
Hyperflexion injury
Fragment of anterior inferior vertebral body
Flexion teardrop injury
543
What do the following findings suggest?
Anterior inferior teardrop fracture fragment
Avulsion of ALL
Distraction injury
Hyperextension injury
Extension teardrop
544
What do the following findings suggest?
Avulsion injury of lower C/T spinous process
Hyperflexion
Clay Shovelers fracture
545
What do the following findings suggest?
Flexion distraction fracture
3 column fracture
Chance fracture
546
What do the following findings suggest?
Thoracic spine more than Lumbar
Spares IV discs
Bone destruction
Multilevel disease, sub ligamentous spread
Large paraspinal abscess, thin walled calcified
Gibbus deformity
TB (Or Brucellosis)
547
The following optic nerve findings are found in which type of demyelinating disease?
Painful visual loss
Short segment
Anterior, unilateral
Enhancing swollen, T2 high signal
MS
548
The following optic nerve findings are found in which type of demyelinating disease?
Long segment
Bilateral
Posterior
Chiasm involvement
Cord swelling and high T2
NMOSD
549
The following optic nerve findings are found in which type of demyelinating disease?
Bilateral long segment anterior nerve (Intra-orbital)
or optic perineuritis
MOGAD
550
What is the following describing?
Thoracic cord
Wide cord
Oedema
Serpiginous draining meningeal varicosities
Hypervascular enhancing pial tumour - cerebellum or cord
Cyst with nodule
Spinal Haemangioblastoma
551
What is the following describing?
Conus/Filum terminale (Extramedullary)
Haemorrhagic
Dark cap on T2
Long segment
Myxopapillary ependymoma
552
What is the following describing?
Adult
Central
Homogenous enhancement
May be haemorrhagic
Ependymoma
553
What is the following describing?
Children
Upper thoracic spine
Fusiform dilatation of the cord over multiple segments
Eccentric
T1 dark, T2 bright, heterogenous enhancement
Syrinx
Spinal Astrocytoma
554
What is the following describing?
Bilateral, symmetrical
Increased High T2 signal in dorsal columns (Inverted V)
No enhancement
Upper thoracic, ascending/descending
Subacute Combined degeneration (B12 deficiency)
555
What is the following describing?
Longer T2 high signal segment
Full transverse diameter of cord
Mild cord swelling
Thoracic cord
Bright focal T2 high signal
NMO (Neuromyelitis optica)
556
What is the following describing?
Young person
Post viral illness or vaccination
High T2 signal
Dorsal white matter
ADEM
557
What is the following describing?
Short segment
T2 high signal affecting only half/part of cord
Cervical cord
May have brain lesions
Enhancing lesion if acute
Spinal MS lesion
558
What is the following describing?
Central cord/anterior horn high signal T2
Owls eye sign
Long segment >2 segments
Diffusion restriction
Spinal cord infarct
559
