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Neuro > Cranial nerves 1-6 > Flashcards

Cranial nerves 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves attached directly to the brain

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2
Q

Motor nerve

A
  • supplies glands/muscles
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3
Q

Sensory

A
  • organ which detects a signal to the brain
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4
Q

Types of sensory

A
  1. ) Somatic: general sensations
  2. ) Special sensations: taste/smell
  3. ) Autonomic sensations: measuring co2 in brain/eye pressure
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5
Q

Types of sensory

A
  1. ) Somatic: skeletal muscle
  2. ) Branchial: for branchial arches. (in embryos we have gill arches which fuse and branchial nerves supply these structures)
  3. ) Autonomic: for smooth muscle
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6
Q 
Some
Say
Money
Matters
But
My 
Brother
Says
Big
Brains
Matter 
Most
A

s: sensory only
b: both
m; motor

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7
Q

Testing olfaction

A
  • scratch and sniff

- vials of scents e.g. vinegar

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8
Q

What causes problem to the olfactory nerve

A
  1. ) Olfactory groove meningioma: compresses nerve

2. ) Trauma: fine nerve fibres are damage

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9
Q

Optic nerve

A
  • for vision
  • runs through the optic canal
  • has a complex pathway to the occipital cortex
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10
Q

What does the lens do

A
  • lens inverts image

- image coming from the right side willf all onto the left side of our vision

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11
Q

How to test the optic nerve

A
  1. ) Visual fields
  2. ) Pupil reflexes
  3. ) Visual acuity
  4. ) Fundoscory
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12
Q

How to test the optic nerve

A
  1. ) Visual fields
  2. ) Pupil reflexes
  3. ) Visual acuity
  4. ) Fundoscopy
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13
Q

Pupillary problems

A
  1. ) Syphillis
  2. ) Horner’s syndrome
  3. ) Holmes-Adie “tonic” pupil
  4. ) Physiological anisocoria
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14
Q

Oculomotor

A
  • has parasympathetic fibres
  • supplies 4 muscles:
    1. ) Superior rectus
    2. ) Inferior rectus
    3. ) Medial rectus
    4. ) Inferior rectus
  • parasympathetic to pupil and to focus the lens
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15
Q

Anatomy of the oculomotor

A
  • exits the midbrain near the posterior cerebral arteries
  • passes alongside the cavernous sinus
  • through the superior orbital fissure
  • branches into two
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16
Q

What happens when the oculomotor nerve is damaged

A
  • Eye is abducted (lateral rectus)
  • looks down and rotates (superior oblique)
  • caused by third nerve palsy
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17
Q

Name of 4th cranial nerve

A

Trochlear

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18
Q

Anatomy of 4th cranial nerve

A
  • exits brain dorsally
  • oases round the front near posterior cerebral arteries
  • passes alongside cavernous sinus
  • through the superior orbital fissure
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19
Q

4th cranial nerve

A
  • supplies the superior oblique muscle
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20
Q

What happens when its damaged

A
  • double vision when looking down
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21
Q

Name of 5th cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal

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22
Q

Function

A
  1. ) Supplies sensation to face and mouth

2. ) Muscles of mastication: temporalis/masseter/pterygoids

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23
Q

Anatomy

A
  • exits from pons and passes directly into Meckle’s cave where it divides into three
  • ophthalmic branch passes through the superior orbital fissure
  • Maxillary branch@ foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular branch: foramen ovale
24
Q

The central trigeminal pathways

A
  • Large nucleus midbrain to cervical cord

- 3 neuron pathways: sensory roots-> trigeminal sensory nuclei-> thalamus-> cortex

25
Q

The 3 sensory nuceli

A
  1. ) Mesencephalic: jaw jerk
  2. ) Main: touch and position from face
  3. ) Spinal (pain and temp from face)
    - 1 motor nucleus
26
Q

Anatomy of cranial nerve 6

A
  • exits brain between the pons and medulla
  • passes from the posterior to middle cranial fossa
  • passes alongside cavernous sinus
  • through superior orbital fissure
27
Q

What happens when it is damaged

A

Eye won’t look laterally

28
Q

Name of cranial nerve 7

A

Facial nerve

29
Q

Functions of the facial nerve

A
  1. ) Supplies sensation to muscles of facial expression and stapedius
  2. ) Supplies special taste: taste buds of the anterior two thirds of the tongue
  3. ) Visceral motor: motor control to the lacrimal gland/submandibular/sublingual salivary glands
30
Q

Cortical control of facial muscles

A
  • contralateral innervation of the lower face
  • bilateral innervation of the upper face
  • ‘forehead sparing’ means you can still open both your eyes
31
Q

Damage to the facial nerve

A
  1. ) Bell’s palsy: facial nerve lesion

2. ) Supranuclear lesion

32
Q

Examination: motor

A

1.) Motor: inspect face for weakness/drooping of lower eyelid

33
Q

Examination: sensory

A

Use sugar/salt and ask the patient to identify the taste

34
Q

Causes of bell’s palsy

A
  • fractures of the petrous bone
  • middle ear infections
    = tumours at the CPA
  • inflammation of the parotid gland
  • Tumours of the parotid gland
35
Q

Name of cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear

36
Q

Functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A
  • conducts auditory and vestibular-related impulses from the organ of Corti/the semi-circular canals/the utricle/the saccule
37
Q

examining the cochlar

A
  • using air induction

test by whispering a number into the patients ears by using a tuning fork

38
Q

examining the vestibular

A

stand on one leg with eyes closed

39
Q

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve

A
  • skull fractures
  • toxic drug effects
  • ear infections
  • vestibular schwannoma
40
Q

Name of cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

41
Q

Anatomy

A
  • emerges from the lateral sulcus of the medulla

- exits skull via the jugular foramen

42
Q

Functions

A
  • taste buds of the posterior third of the tonhue
  • parotid gland
  • skin of external ear
  • posterior third of the tongue/pharynx/eustachian tube
43
Q

Test

A

Testing back of the mouth with a lollipop stick

44
Q

Anatomy

A
  • emerges from the medulla

- exits skull through jugular foramen

45
Q

Function

A
  • swallowing
  • cardiovascular/GI regulation
  • sensations of hunger
46
Q

Examination

A
  • ask patient to say ‘ahhhh’ and observe the elevation of the palate
47
Q

Name of the 11th nerve

A

Accessory nerve

48
Q

Anatomy

A
  • cell bodies of the nerve are situated in the ventral horn of the upper five segments of the spinal cord
  • send fibres up through the formen magnim which then exit the skull with cranial nerves IX and X through the jugular foramen
49
Q

Function

A
  • supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
50
Q

Examination: sternocleidomastoid muscles

A

Inspect neck as patient turns the head against resistance

51
Q

Examination: trapezius

A

Inspect from the back and front + ask the patient to shrug the shoulders

52
Q

Name of the 12th cranial nerve

A

Hypoglossal

53
Q

Anatomy

A
  • Cell bodies located in the hypoglossal nucleus which lies between the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the midline of the medulla
  • exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal
54
Q

Examination:

A

Ask patient to protrude tongue

- If something is wrong you get atrophy and fibrilliations (hallmarks of lower motor neuron lesion)

55
Q

CBA syndrome

A

Syndrome due to a mass of the cerebellopontine

- Most commonly a vestibular schwannoma

56
Q

Symptoms of syndrome

A
  • tinnitus
  • dizziness
  • facial nerve plasy
57
Q

Jugular foramen syndrome

A
  • Due to a lesion in the jugular foramen
  • Signs:
    1. ) Loss of taste sensation in posterior third of tongue
    2. ) Paralysis of vocal cords

Neuro (33 decks)

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