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Neuro > auditory system > Flashcards

auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the range of human hearing

A

20Hz-20KhZ

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2
Q

Key components of the auditory system

A
  1. ) Outer ear
  2. ) Middle ear
  3. ) Inner ear
  4. ) Central auditory pathways
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3
Q

Outer ear structure: what is the pinna

A

It is a cartilaginous structure

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4
Q

What is the pinna formed from

A

Formed from pharyngeal arches 1 & 2 (6x Hillocks of His)

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5
Q

When is the pinna formed in gestation

A

Formed between 10th and 18th week in utero

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6
Q

What is the function of the pinna

A

It directs soundwaves towards ear canal

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7
Q

What is the ear canal made up of

A

1/3 cartilage and 2/3 bone

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8
Q

What is the middle ear made of

A

Bones/muscles/tubes

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9
Q

What are the bones (ossicles) of the middle ear

A

Malleus/Incus/Stapes

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10
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius

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11
Q

What are the tubes of the middle ear

A

Eustachian tube

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12
Q

What are the size of the bones

A
  1. ) Malleus: 23mg
  2. ) Incus: 27mg
  3. ) Stapes: 2.5mg
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13
Q

What is the role of the middle ear

A
  • Acoustic impedance match between air and fluid-filled inner ear
  • Amplification of the airborne sound vibration
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14
Q

What takes place when energy transfers energy from outer ear to inner ear?

A
  • There is a 200 fold increase boost in pressure from TM to inner ear
  • This is the ossicular chain
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15
Q

What is the role of muscles in the middle ear?

A
  • Protects the inner ear from acoustic trauma
  • Stiffens the ossicular chain
  • Stapedius stimulated acoustically
  • Tensor tympani is for voluntary and involuntary control and chewing
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16
Q

What is the role of the eustachian tube

A
  1. ) Ventilation of the middle ear space

2. ) Drainage of secretions

17
Q

Key facts about the cochlea

A
  1. ) It has 2 openings: round and oval window
  2. ) A fluid filled bony tube
  3. ) 3 compartments: scala tympani/scala media/scala vestibuli
  4. ) Has two ionic fluids
18
Q

What are the ionic fluids in the cochlear

A
  1. ) Endolympth: high K+

2. ) Perilympth: Na+ rich

19
Q

How are gradients maintained

A
  1. ) Na+ & K+ ATPase pump
  2. ) NKCCI and CIC-K chlorine channels
    - If you have ion channel abnormalities: get deafness
20
Q

Cochlear components: the basilar membrane features

A
  1. ) Narrow at base
  2. ) Wide at apex
  3. ) Stiff at base
  4. ) Floppy at base
  5. ) High frequencies detected at base
  6. ) Low frequencies at apex
21
Q

What happens when the basilar membrane

A

Causes movements of specialised mechanical transducing cells

22
Q

What are the two types of hair cells

A
  1. ) Inner hair cells: mechanical transduction

2. ) Outer hair cells: fine tuning

23
Q

Inner ear: how it goes from waves to sparks

A
  1. ) Sterocilia moves and a rapid response is required

2. ) Mechanically gates K+ channels open which causese depolarisation

24
Q

Inner ear: how it goes from waves to sparks

A
  1. ) Sterocilia moves and a rapid response is required
  2. ) Mechanically gates K+ channels open which causes depolarisation
  3. ) The depolarisation will result in voltage gated Ca2+ channels being opened
  4. ) Releases neurotransmitter: Glutamate
  5. ) Repolarisation through K+ efflux (Into K+ poor perilympth)
25
Q

Tonopothy and the role of the outer hair cells

A
  • each nerve responds maximally at a specific frequency
  • outer hair cells can alter the stiffness of the basilar membrane to ensure max stimulation at one site and dampened response at another
  • increase resolution
26
Q

How is sound information encoded?

A
  • encoded in formation for neural transmission
  • Frequency (pitch): encoded in nerves by location along the basilar membrane
  • Intensity (loudness): enoded in nerves by numbers responding and by firing rate
  • Sound transduction: inner hair cells
  • Amplification: outer hair cells
27
Q

How do the signals travel from neuron to brain

A
  1. ) Auditory fibres: spiral ganglion
  2. ) Spiral ganglion to cochlear nerve (VIII)
  3. ) Central auditory pathway
28
Q

What are MSO neurons

A

They are coincident detectors. They respond only when excitatory signals arrive simultaneously
- Anatomical differences in conncectivity allow each MSO neuron to be sensitive to sound source from location

29
Q

What is the central auditory pathway

A

Eight nerve-> cochlear nucleus-> olive-> lateral leminiscus-> inferior colliculus

30
Q

Types of hearing loss

A
  1. ) Conductive hearing loss

2. ) Sensorineural hearing loss

31
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Defective outer/middle ear

32
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Defective inner ear

Neuro (33 decks)

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