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Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are upper motor neurons found?

A

Usually in the cerebral cortex
Axons will project to lower motor neurons

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2
Q

Where are lower motor neurons found?

A

Usually located in the brainstem or spinal cord

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3
Q

What can happen if there is damage to upper motor neurons?

A

Paresis
Paralysis
Spastic paralysis
Exaggerated tendon reflexes

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4
Q

What can happens if there’s damage to lowers motor neurons?

A

Paresis / paralysis
Flaccid paralysis
Loss of tendon reflexes
Rapid muscle atrophy of affected muscles
Fasiculation - involuntary twitching of individual muscles

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5
Q

Describe the neuron order of the motor pathways

A

1st order - arises is cerebral cortex
2nd order - internuncial, grey column of spinal cord
3rd order - lower motor neuron in anterior grey column

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6
Q

What is the corticonuclear tract?

A

Motor pathway?
Arises mainly in the lateral aspect of the primary motor cortex
Synapses with cranial nuclei
Innervate most cranial nerve nuclei bilaterally

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7
Q

What receives unilateral innervation from the corticonuclear tract?

A

The facial nerve nuclei
Supplies the muscles of the lower quadrant of the face
Because facial messages come from both hemispheres not only the opposite side to which is moving

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8
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory Facial
Optic Vestibulocochlear
Oculomotor Glossopharyngeal
Trochlear Vagus
Trigeminal Accessory
Abducens Hypoglossal

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9
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the cranial nerves?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vodka Alleviates Heartache

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10
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are sensory?

A

Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear

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11
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are motor?

A

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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12
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are mixed?
(Both sensory and motor)

A

Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

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13
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the function of the cranial nerves?

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Say Big Brains Matter More

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14
Q

What are the three ways cranial nerve fibres are named?

A

General vs Special
Somatic vs Visceral
Efferent vs Afferent

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15
Q

What do we know about general somatic efferents (GSE)?

A

Cell bodies in brainstem
Innervated skeletal muscle derived from somites
(3, 4, 6,12)

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16
Q

What do we know about special visceral efferents (SVE)?

A

Functionally identical to GSE
Cell bodies in brainstem
Innervated skeletal muscle derived from pharyngeal arches
(5,7,9,10,11)

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17
Q

What do we know about general visceral efferents (GVE)?

A

Cell bodies in the brainstem (parasympathetic)
Innervated smooth muscle or glands
(3,7,9,10)

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18
Q

What do we know about general somatic afferents (GSA)?

A

Cell bodies outside the CNS (ganglia)
From joint, tendon, skin, muscle
Pain, temperature, proprioception, touch and pressure
Innervated specific nuclei in the brainstem
(5,7,9,10)

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19
Q

What do we know about special somatic afferents (SSA)?

A

Similar to GSA
Transmit specialised sensory inputs (sight, hearing)
(2,8)

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20
Q

What do we know about special visceral afferents (SVA)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Similar to SSA
Take info from chemoreceptors associated with viscera and senses (taste, smell)
(1,7,9,10)

21
Q

What do we know about general visceral afferents (GVA)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Receptors located in serous lining or smooth muscle of body viscera
Thirst, hunger, visceral pain, chemoreception
(7,9,10)

22
Q

Describe the olfactory nerve

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A

Sensory
Cell body in olfactory epithelium of nasal mucosa
No ganglion
Axons transmitted through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone to olfactory bulb
Postsynaptic fibres of 2nd order neurons form olfactory bulb
Fibres sent to autonomic centres and the limbic system
Sense of smell

23
Q

Describe the optic nerve

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A

Sensory
Cell bodies in retina (1st order)
Cell bodies in retinal ganglia (2nd order)
Myelinated 2nd order axons grouped together at the optic nerve
Leave the orbit via the optic canal
Terminate in the LGN and pretectal area of the midbrain
Cells of the LGN form geniculocarine tract
Travel to the primary visual cortex
Vision

24
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the midbrain?

Study These Flashcards
A

Oculomotor
Trochlear

25
Describe the GSE aspects of the Oculomotor nerve
Emerges from the midbrain All extraocular skeletal muscles other than lateral recurs and superior oblique Controls eye movement Levator palpebrae superioris - elevates upper eyelid From Oculomotor motor nucleus
26
Describe the GVE aspects of the Oculomotor nerve
Parasympathetic Constricts pupil via sphincter pupillae and cillary muscles From the Edinger-Westphal nucleus sympathetic fibres leave cillary ganglion with post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres Terminate in cillary body Pupillary light and accommodation reflex
27
Describe the Trochlear nerve
Motor Emerges from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem GSE innervate superior oblique extraocular muscle Abducts, depresses, medially rotates the eye Cell bodies in Trochlear nucleus of midbrain Only cranial nerve formed axons that cross the midline before they exit
28
What is the cranial nerve of the pons?
The trigeminal
29
Describe the GSA aspect of the trigeminal nerve
Protio major 3 divisions transmit sensations of touch, pressure, nociception, and thermal changes V1 - opthalmic division V2 - maxillary division V3 - mandibular The three sensory nuclei form a continuous column from C2 to the midbrain
30
What are the three sensory nuclei of the GSA fibres of the trigeminal nerve?
Spinal trigeminal nucleus Principle sensory nucleus Mesencephalon nucleus
31
What regions does the opthalmic division of the trigeminal supply?
Exists the superior orbital fissure Upper eyelid Forehead Scalp
32
What regions does the maxillary division of the trigeminal supply?
Exits the foramen rotundum Lower eyelid Upper lip and teeth Maxillary aspect of face Lateral strip of temporal area
33
What regions does the madibular division of the trigeminal supply?
Exits the foramen ovale Lower lip and teeth Oral cavity Skin over mandible Lateral side of head rostral to ear
34
Describe the SVE of the trigeminal nerve
Portio minor Bypasses trigeminal ganglion Innervates muscles of mastication And others It has one motor nucleus
35
What muscles of mastication are innervated by SVE fibres of trigeminal?
Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
36
What other muscles do SVE fibres of trigeminal innervate?
Mylohyoid Ant belly of digastric Tensor tympani Tensor veli palantine
37
What are the cranial nerves of the pons medulla junction?
Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear
38
Describe the Abducens nerve
Motor GSE Innervates the lateral rectus Nucleus located in the pons Facial axons loop around it forming a facial colliculus Leaves the superior orbital fissure Interneurons go to contralateral Oculomotor nucleus Allows lateral and medial rectus muscles to work together
39
What are the five motor branches of the facial nerve?
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
40
Describe the SVE aspect of the facial nerve
Called the Branchial motor component Cell bodies in facial motor nucleus Innervates muscles of Facial expression Platysma Stylohyoid Stapedius Post belly of digastric
41
Which fibres of the facial nerve are carried in the intermediate nerve?
GVE SVA GSA GVA
42
Describe the GVA aspect of the facial nerve
Called secretomotor? Innervation to lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular glands Cell bodies in superior salivatory nucleus Travel in nervus intermedius Divide to become the greater petrosal and chorda tympani
43
Describe the SVA of the facial nerve
Innervation to the Ant 2/3 of the tongue (taste) Cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion Enters solitary tract Terminates in the gustatory nucleus within the nucleus of the solitary tract
44
Describe the GSA aspect of the facial nerve
Fibres transmit info from external ear and external acoustic meatus (Pain, touch, temperature) Travel in nervus intermedius Terminate in the spinal trigeminal tract
45
Describe the GVA aspect of the facial nerve
Cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion Sensation from soft palate, nasal cavity, middle ear Terminate in the spinal trigeminal tract
46
Describe the vestibulocochlear nerve
Two separate nerves enclosed in the same connective tissue sheath Vestibular nerve Cochlear nerve
47
Describe the vestibular nerve
Cell bodies in vestibular ganglion Neurons project to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla Medial and inferior nuclei have connections with the cerebellum Lateral nucleus sends axons ipsilaterally down the spinal cord to form the lateral vestibulospinal tract
48
Describe the cochlear nerve
Cell bodies in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea Neurons project to cochlear nuclei of medulla Cross midline to enter the superior olivary nucleus (medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus) Small number of axons leave the SON and provide innervation to stapedius

Advanced Neurosciences (20 decks)

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