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Anatomy II Test II - Jourdan > Cranium, Scalp, Meninges and Brain II > Flashcards

Cranium, Scalp, Meninges and Brain II Flashcards

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1
Q

What does gray matter house?

A

Motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
Dendrites
Axon terminals
Unmyelinated axons

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2
Q

White matter is composed primarily of what?

A

Myelinated axons

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3
Q

During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from what?

A

Migrating peripheral neurons

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4
Q

External sheets of gray matter is called what?

A

The cortex

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5
Q

What covers the surface of most of the adult brain (the cerebrum and the cerebellum)?

A

cortex

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6
Q

What are the three initial brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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7
Q

When are the three initial brain vesicles differentiated?

A

By the end of the fourth week of development

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8
Q

What are the five secondary brain vesicles?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon and Mylencephalon

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9
Q

The components of the five secondary brain vesicles differentiated by what week?

A

five

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10
Q

What forms the cerebrum?

A

Telencephalon

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11
Q

What forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

What forms the pons and cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

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13
Q

What forms the medulla oblongata?

A

Mylencephalon

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14
Q

At 13 weeks, what parts of the brain are formed?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum and pons, and medulla oblongata

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15
Q

At 26 weeks, what parts of the brain are formed?

A 
Cerebrum
Central and lateral sulcus
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons and cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
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16
Q

What are the brains 4 major regions?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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17
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

Into two halves, called the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

How is each hemisphere of the cerebrum subdivided into?

A

five functional areas called lobes

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19
Q

Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called what?

A

Gyri

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20
Q

Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits shallow depressions between folds called what?

A

Sulci

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21
Q

The brain is associated with how many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

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22
Q

The portion of the adult brain including the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus is derived fro which secondary brain vesicle?

A

Diencephalon

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23
Q

The frontal lobe has what cortices and association areas within?

A

Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Motor speech area
Frontal eye fields

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24
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Frontal lobe within the precentral gyrus

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25
What cortex in the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex association area?
Premotor cortex
26
What is the motor speech area in the frontal lobe and is usually found only on the left frontal lobe?
Broca's area
27
What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?
Higher intellectual functions (concentration, decision making, planning); personality; verbal communication; voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
28
What are the cortices and association areas within the parietal lobe?
Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association area Part of Wernicke's area Part of gnostic area
29
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
In the parietal lobe withing postcentral gyrus
30
What are the primary functions of the parietal lobe?
Sensory interpretation of textures and shapes; understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions (wernicke's area)
31
What are the cortices and association areas of the temporal lobe?
``` Primary auditory cortex Primary olfactory cortex Auditory association area Olfactory association area Part of Wernicke's area Part of gnostic area ```
32
What are the primary functions of the temporal lobe?
Interpretation of auditory and olfactory sensations; storage of auditory and olfactory experiences
33
What are the cortices and association areas of the occipital lobe?
Primary visual cortex | Visual association areas
34
What are the primary functions of the occipital lobe?
Conscious perception of visual stimuli; integration of eye focusing movements; correlation of visual images with previous visual experiences
35
What is the cortex of the insula lobe?
Primary gustatory cortex
36
What is the primary function of the insula lobe?
Interpretation of taste; memory
37
The primary motor and sensory cortical regions are connected to adjacent association areas that do what?
Process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response
38
The premotor cortex in the frontal lobe has what function?
Coordinate learned skilled motor activities
39
The somatosensory association area in the parietal lobe has what functions?
Integrates and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure and shape of objects
40
The auditory association area in the temporal lobe has what functions?
Interpret characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past ("ear worm")
41
The visual association area in the occipital lobe has what functions?
Process visual info by analyzing color, movement, and form to identify things we see
42
What is the function of the Wernicke's area?
Recognize, understand, and comprehend spoken or written language. works with the Broca's area
43
What is the motor speech area?
Broca's area
44
What is the function of the gnostic area?
E.g. clock indicates 12:30, smell food cooking, friend talks about hunger, so you interpret it to be lunch time
45
What are association tracts?
tracts that connect different regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
46
What are commissural tracts?
Tracts that are between cerebral hemispheres
47
What are projection tracts?
Tracts that link cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions (e.g. corticospinal tract from cerebrum to brainstem and spinal cord)
48
What can association tracts be divided into?
Arcuate fibers: connect neighboring gyri within a single cerbral lobe Longitudinal fasiculi: connect gyri between different cerebral lobes of the same hemisphere
49
Tracts are grey or white matter?
White
50
Clusters of gray matter containing neuron cell bodies that lie within masses of white matter is/are the ______.
Cerebral nuclei
51
What are cerebral nuclei?
Paired irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter
52
What is the function of the Caudate Nucleus?
C-shaped: neurons within stimulate appropriate muscles to coordinate arm and leg movements associated with walking
53
What is the amygdaloid body?
Expanded region at the tail of the caudate nucleus: participates int he expression and control of moods and emotions
54
What is the putamen and globus pallidus?
Both form lentiform nucleus: putament controls muscular movement at a subconscious level Globus inhibits activity of the thalamus
55
What is the claustrum?
Subconscious processing of visual information
56
What is the function of the diencephalon?
Provides the relay and switching centers for some sensory and motor pathways and for control of visceral activities
57
What is the posterior part of the epithalamus?
Pineal gland which secretes melatonin
58
What is the function of the epithalamus habenular nuceli?
Help relay signals from the limbic system and control visceral and emotional responses to odors
59
Sensory impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction converge where?
on the thalamus
60
The anterior group of the thalamus has what function?
Mood modification
61
The Lateral group of the thalamus has what function?
Mood
62
What function does the medial group of the thalmus have?
Sends signals about conscious awareness of emotional states
63
What function does the posterior group of the thalmas have?
Relay Visual, auditory, and sensory info
64
The ventral group of the thalamus has what function?
Somatomotor and somatosensory
65
The anterior nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?
Autonomics/parasympathetic
66
The dorsal medial nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?
Autonomics/ sympathetics
67
The mammillary body of the diencephalon has what function?
Olfaction and swallowing
68
The paraventricular nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?
Produce oxytocin
69
The preoptic area of the diencephalon has what function?
Regulates body temp
70
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?
Regulates sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)
71
The supraoptic nucleus of the diencephalon has what function?
Produces ADH
72
Describe the cerebral peduncle of the mesencephalon
Motor tracts, corticospinal tracts run through (pyramidal system)
73
Describe the substantia nigra
Mesencephalon | Inhibitory signals to skeletal muscles
74
Describe the tegmentum
mesencephalon | sends involuntary motor commands to the erector spinae to maintain posture
75
Describe the tectum
mesencephalon relay station for visual and auditory sensations (corpora quadrigemina) Visual reflex centers (superior colliculi) Auditory reflex centers (inferior colliculi)
76
What is the function of the Pons?
Regulate rate and depth of breathing, house nuclei for V, VI, VII, and VIII
77
Describe the medulla
Corticospinal tracts and sensory relay (the olive) Nuclei for VIII, IX, X, XI, XII Also cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, and those related to coughing, gagging, sneezing, salvation, swallowing and vomiting
78
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensured that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth coordinated movements. Performs indirectly with voluntary and involuntary motor pathways
79
What is a ring around the diencephalon and is composed of various structures that collectively process and experience emotions?
Limbic system
80
What structures compose the limbic system?
``` Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus Amygdolid body oflactory bulb fornix various nuclei in die. ```
81
What nucleus participates in the expression of emotions, control of behavior, and development of moods?
Amygdaloid body
82
What is the hippocampus related to?
Storing memories and longterm memory

Anatomy II Test II - Jourdan (9 decks)

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