Creating A Functioning Government (1777-1824)

Question 0

Abigail Adams

Answer 0

Wrote letter to her husband reminding them of their help during the war
Showed how women thought they deserved some degree of compensation

Question 1

Articles of Confederation

Answer 1

First national constitution
Little to no central government - afraid of British tyrannical rule again
Fed. Gov couldn’t tax or regulate trade
Amendments required unanimous consent of all states - could hold each other hostage
Too concerned with preventing too much power in the government

Question 2

Blacks after the revolution

Answer 2

Many more freed, but created more racist publications and legislation
Led to early “ghettoization” of blacks and other minorities

Question 3

Problems the Articles caused

Answer 3

Couldn’t levy taxes –> printed more paper money to finance the war –> inflation
British denied US access to West Indian markets –> US helpless
British refused to abandon military posts in the States - couldn’t expel them

Question 4

Shays Rebellion

Answer 4

August 1786 - January 1787
1500 farmers from Massachusetts matched on Springfield to protest a number of unfair policies, both economic and political. Armed & angry - wake up call for the elite
Government was essentially powerless to stop such rebellions

Question 5

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Answer 5

Governed the sale of government land to settlers
Contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excess punishment
Abolished slavery in the Northwest Territories
Set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood
Claimed Native American land without consent

Question 6

Annapolis Convention

Answer 6

Convened by Hamilton
Only 5 delegates showed up
Hamilton was concerned that there was no uniform commercial policy and feared for the survival of the new republic

Question 7

Constitutional Convention

Answer 7

55 delegates met in Philadelphia to discuss the revision if the Articles of Confederation
Summer of 1787

Question 8

Virgina plan vs. New Jersey plan

Answer 8

Virginia: wanted an entirely new government based on checks and balances and for the number of representatives for each state to be based on population
New Jersey: modifications and equal representation from each state

Question 9

Great Compromise / Connecticut Compromise

Answer 9

Blended the Virginia plan and New Jersey plan to have a bicameral legislature and the Constitution
Lower house: HOR elected by people
Upper house: Senate elected by state legislatures
President and VP voted by electoral college

Question 10

Three-Fifths compromise

Answer 10

Method for counting slaves among the populations of southern states for “proportional” representation in congress, even though those sales weren’t citizens
Each counted as 3/5 of a person

Question 11

Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans)

Answer 11

Came from the backcountry and opposed the constitution. Saw the federal government as an all-powerful beast. Appalled by the absence of rights - pushed for bill of rights 
Jefferson and Madison 
Economy based on agriculture
Strict constitution
Against national bank
Sympathetic toward France

Question 12

Federalist Papers

Answer 12

Anonymously authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
Published in a New York newspaper and widely circulated
Critical in swaying opinion in New York

Question 13

Federalists

Answer 13

For the constitution
Federal power
Creation of a national bank
Hamilton, Washington, Adams, jay, Marshall
Economy based on commerce
Loose construction
Sympathetic toward Great Britain

Question 14

Bill of Rights

Answer 14

1791 (2 years after constitution)

1. Freedom of religion, speech, petition, assembly, and press
2. Right to bear arms
3. No quartering soldiers in private homes
4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
5. Right to due process, freedom from self-incrimination, and double jeopardy
6. Right to speedy and public trial
7. Right to trial by jury
8. Freedom from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
9. Rights not listed kept by the people
10. Powers not listed kept by the states or people

Question 15

George Washington

Answer 15

First president, voted unanimously
Used veto only if a bill was unconstitutional
Created a government with the best minds of it’s time
Very careful and wise - set precedent

Question 16

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 16

Washington’s Secretary of State
Anti-Federalist
Favored weaker federal government empowered mainly to defend the country and regulate interstate commerce

Question 17

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 17

Washington’s secretary of the treasury
Federalist
Favored strong central government and weak state governments
Proposed national bank

Question 18

National Bank

Answer 18

Proposed by Hamilton to help regulate and strengthen the economy
Approved by both houses, Washington considered a veto - unsure of constitutionality

Question 19

Strict constructionists

Answer 19

Jefferson & Madison
Argued that the constitution allowed congress only those powers specifically granted to it or those “necessary and proper” to the execution of it’s enumerated powers
Said a bank was not necessary

Question 20

Broad (loose) constructionists

Answer 20

Hamilton & Washington
Said the creation of a bank was an implied power of the government bc the government already had explicit power to coin money, borrow money, and collect taxes
Said government could do anything in the execution of enumerated powers

Question 21

National debt (Hamilton)

Answer 21

Federal government assumed the states debts (increasing the federal governments power) and repayed those debts by giving the debt holders land on the western frontier

Question 22

French Revolution

Answer 22

During Washington administration
Jefferson wanted to support it and it’s republican ideals
Hamilton didn’t like revolutionaries

Question 23

Citizen Edmond Genet

Answer 23

French government representative who came to America to seek it’s assistance after French revolution
Led to neutrality proclamation

Question 24

Neutrality proclamation

Answer 24

Washington: the US intention to remain "friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers"

Question 25

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 25

Instigated by Hamilton's financial program Western Pennsylvania Gamers resisted an excise tax on whiskey Washington dispatched the militia to break up the rebels Demonstrated lasting class tensions

Question 26

Jay's treaty

Answer 26

Concerned the evacuation of the British from the northwest territory and discussed British violations of free trade Prevented war with Great Britain Some say jay made too many concessions Low point of Washingtons administration

Question 27

Pinckney's Treaty

Answer 27

AKA Treaty of San Lorenzo High point of Washington administration Negotiated with Spain the use of the Mississippi River, duty-free access to world markets, and he removal of any remaining Spanish forts on American soil Spain promised to try and prevent attacks on western settlers from native Americans

Question 28

Washington's Farewell Address

Answer 28

Composed in part by Hamilton Warned future presidents to "steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world" Defined american foreign policy from 1800-1890 when imperialism started

Question 29

Women's Roles 1790s

Answer 29

Reevaluated in light of republican ideals Excluded from political activity Private virtue: women should inspire and teach men to be good citizens through romance and motherhood

Question 30

John Adams

Answer 30

``` 2nd president VP Thomas Jefferson - 2nd place Let Alexander Hamilton take charge Ugly divisive tone Avoided war with France ```

Question 31

XYZ Affair

Answer 31

France began seizing American ships on open seas Adams sent 3 diplomats to Paris where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations to begin Adams published diplomats' written report in the newspapers Public became anti-French

Question 32

Alien & Sedition Acts

Answer 32

Adams presidency Allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for "scandalous and malicious writing." Aimed at destroying immigrant support for Democratic Republicans Strictly regulated anti-government speech - violated first amendment

Question 33

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Answer 33

Drafted by Jefferson and Madison Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws Declared the Alien and Sedition Acts void Jefferson used the laws and the resolutions as key issues in his 1800 campaign for the presidency

Question 34

Nullification

Answer 34

State authority to declare federal laws unconstitutional

Question 35

Revolution of 1800

Answer 35

Aaron Burr vs Thomas Jefferson Hamilton supported Jefferson - hated Burr, who later assassinated Hamilton President again saddled with a Vice President they didn't want No violence occurred during the transition from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans "The bloodless revolution"

Question 36

Twelfth Amendment

Answer 36

Allowed electors to vote for a party ticket | President no longer stuck with a VP they didn't want or agree with

Question 37

Midnight Appointments

Answer 37

Adams filled as many government positions with Federalists as he could before leaving the capital when Jefferson took office Jefferson refused to recognize those appointments and replaced as many federalist employees as he could

Question 38

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 38

Marbury sued Madison for refusing to certify Marbury's appointment to the federal bench Marshall was a federalist Established judicial review Said Marbury had a right to judgeship, but the court could not enforce his right because it was unconstitutional

Question 39

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 39

Jefferson sent Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans for $2 million Napoleon needed money for war in Europe and revolution in Haiti Offered to sell entire Louisiana territory for $15 million Jefferson unsure if it was constitutional to purchase land - claimed power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations

Question 40

Quids

Answer 40

Group of republicans who criticized Jefferson for violating republican principles with the Louisiana purchasers by John Randolph of Viriginia

Question 41

Lewis and Clark

Answer 41

Explored western territories, including much of Louisiana territory Favorable reports --> pioneers moved west in search of land, riches, and economic opportunities

Question 42

Impressment

Answer 42

British ships stopped American ships and declared, often with littler proof, that those sailors had deserted from the British navy and forced them back into it British frigate attacked American ship in American waters ---> boycott

Question 43

Embargo Act of 1807

Answer 43

British and French continued to harass American ships Shut down Americas import and export business New England's economy collapsed and smuggling became widespread

Question 44

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Answer 44

Reopened trade with most nations, but still officially banned trade with Britain and France

Question 45

James Madison

Answer 45

Succeeded Jefferson Democratic-Republican Sought a solution to Americas trade problems President during the war of 1812

Question 46

Macon's Bill No. 2

Answer 46

Reopened trade with both France and England Madison promised that if either country renounced it's interference with American trade, he would cut off trade with the other one Napoleon made that promise, forcing the US to cut off trade with GB but French continued harassing American ships Built pro-war sentiments

Question 47

War Hawks

Answer 47

South and West Saw war as an opportunity to grab new territories to the west and southwest Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

Question 48

War of 1812

Answer 48

Native Americans aligned themselves with the British American forces ill-prepared for war British captured DC and set the White House on fire in 1814 Andrew Jackson didn't know peace had been made --> won the Battle of New Orleans

Question 49

Tecumseh

Answer 49

Chief who allied with the British in the War of 1812 Unified area tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois Coalition fell apart after he was killed in battle

Question 50

Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)

Answer 50

War of 1812 Led an extensive revival of traditional Native American culture and religion Tecumseh's brother

Question 51

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 51

Ended the War of 1812 with Britain and France

Question 52

Hartford Convention

Answer 52

Federalists opposed the war of 1812 because it disrupted trade Met in Hartford, Connecticut to consider a massive overhaul of the constitution or, failing that, secession Considered traitors once the war ended National party dissolved soon after the Hartford Convention

Question 53

Effects of the War of 1812

Answer 53

End of Native Americans' ability to stop American expansion American economy became less reliant on trade with Britain (self-sufficient) Made Andrew Jackson a celebrity and paved the way to his presidency Victory in New Orleans led to a national euphoria Destroyed the Federalists Spurred American manufacturing

Question 54

National Road

Answer 54

From Maryland to Ohio | One of Madison's great achievements

Question 55

American System

Answer 55

AKA Nationalist program Madison presidency Protective tariffs on imports Improvements to interstate roads (national road) Rechartered the national bank after the first national bank's charter expired Henry clay lobbied for them

Question 56

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 56

US had only one political party after federalist demise Monroe's presidency Belies the growing tension created by economic development and increased sectionalism Marshall still Supreme Court justice

Question 57

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 57

Marshall ruled that states could not tax the national bank, thus establishing the precedence of national law over state law

Question 58

Panic of 1819

Answer 58

Financial scare - economic turmoil Followed a period of growth, inflation, and land speculation, all of which had destabilized the economy. Borrowers couldn't repay National Bank loans --> mortgage foreclosures, business failure, and poverty

Question 59

John Quincy Adams

Answer 59

Secretary of State under Monroe Son of John Adams Negotiated a number of treaties that fixed US borders and opened new territories Handled international tensions caused by revolutions in Latin America

Question 60

Adams-Onis Treaty

Answer 60

US acquired Florida from the Spanish in 1819

Question 61

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 61

Policy of mutual non interference Said that if Europe stayed out of Americas, the US would stay out of their business. Also claimed US right to intervene anywhere in it's own hemisphere, if it felt it's security was threatened Secured American neutrality until WWI

Question 62

Missouri Compromise

Answer 62

1820 11 slave states & 11 free states Missouri became a state - didn't know whether it should be free or slave Missouri -> slave state Created Maine out if Massachusetts -> free state Drew a line across the 36*30' parallel across the Louisiana territory and established the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point at which aka very would be allowed in the western territories, except for Missouri itself. Forestalled the civil war Split the Democratic-Republican Coalition, ending it's control

Question 63

Jeffersonian republicanism

Answer 63

Conceived of a nation governed by middle- and upper-class educated property holders, in which the government would be only as large as necessary to provide an acceptable level of services. Nation of yeomen farmers (who owned their land) whose liberty would be protected by limited the power of the national government

Question 64

Jefferson beliefs about native Americans

Answer 64

Could be assimilated into American culture. If natives have up their hunting and gathering lifestyle and adopted American farming techniques and culture - "learned to live on less land" - then Americans and native Americans might coexist peacefully