crim spec

Question 1

what can cause antisocial behaviour

Answer 1

brain damage, particularly to frontal lobes
Ventral frontal lobes help regulate impulses and social behaviour

Question 2

what percentage of young offenders had brain damage as found by Williams Et Al

Answer 2

60%

Question 3

what can amygdala dysfunction be caused by

Answer 3

stroke, tumour, developmental issues

Question 4

what can damage to amygdala cause

Answer 4

emotional instability, heightened aggression, lack of fear conditioning responce

Question 5

how does the prefrontal cortex help regulate emotion

Answer 5

inhibiting amygdala driven responces

Question 6

what is XYY sydrome and its link to crime

Answer 6

genetic condition extra Y chromosome
10x more likely however latest research finds no signif link

Question 7

key weakness of XYY as an explanation of crime

Answer 7

rare so cant explain widespread violent crime

Question 8

what are 3 traits Eysencks measured

Answer 8

Extraversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

Question 9

what do extroverts have (hint: arousal)

Answer 9

under aroused ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)–> seek stim

Question 10

what traits did eysenck’s personality questionaire find to be synonymous with criminals

Answer 10

High E,P,N

Question 11

what did Becker say abt deviant behaviour in teens in relation to labelling theory

Answer 11

labelled as criminal reinforces crime, once labelled as criminal individuals are treated a certain way by society and therefore internalise that

Question 12

what are the four stages of banduras social learning theory

Answer 12

attention-noticing crim behaviour
retention- remembering
reproduction- physically capable of crime
motivation- having reason to commit

Question 13

three types of motivation - bandura

Answer 13

vicarious- see someone else do crime
external- direct reward from crime
internal- psychological satisfaction ie thrill

Question 14

how can crime be discouraged -bandura

Answer 14

operant conditioning- punishment
vicarious learning- seeing others punished

Question 15

what is a gender difference for crime

Answer 15

few biological differences in brain, xxy syndrome only affects males.
males score higher in P
females higher N
parental labeling harms females more
formal/informal labeling affects males more

Question 16

what is a cognitive interview

Answer 16

method used to interview eyewitness to enhance memory recall while reducing memory distortions. based on psychological research to improve accuracy and amount of info recalled by witness

Question 17

why was cognitive interview developed

Answer 17

leading questions and badly phrased inquiries could distort memories. Rigid question lists restrict descriptions.
Close ended questions ie ‘‘was suspect wearing black?- inaccurate accounts

Question 18

what are 2 key aspects of memory recall

Answer 18

retrieval cues- enhance recall
schemas- distort memories, innacuracies

Question 19

what are key parts of cognitive interview and describe it

Answer 19

Context Reinstatement- mentally recreate environment and emotions during crime (discuss senses)
Report Everything- encourage to recall every single detail, smaller details act as retrieval cues, helping uncover more significant memories. Memories are interconnected, recalling one detail may recover another.
Reverse Order: recall events in different order, prevents reliance on schemas and helps prevent dishonesty
Change Perpective- from pov as someone across street or even perpetrator, disrupts expectations or biases- improves recall focus on previously unnoticed details

Question 20

name some ethical interview techniques

Answer 20

informed consent
confidentiality
right to revview
no coersion
recorded material used with consent

Question 21

what is the PEACE framework used by college of policing

Answer 21

Planning & Prep: establish key issues, objectives, consider characteristics of witness
Engage & Explain: build rapport, explain purpose of interview, set clear expectations.
Account, Clarification, Challenge: use open ended questions, avoid leading
Closure- summarise key points and ensure a structured conclusion to avoid distress
Evaluate: assess whether goals met, next steps

Question 22

what is a psychological formulation

Answer 22

systematic and hypothesis based method to understand an offenders behaviour. Gathering info from biological, social, environmental data- explore causes, maintenance factors and consequences of an offenders behaviour

Question 23

what is the aim of CBT and 2 programmes

Answer 23

change criminal thinking patterns to alter behaviour
Reasoning and Rehabilitation Therapy (R&R): moral development, creative thinking, social perspective taking. Targets medium to high risk offenders, particularly those with violent or high risk offenders- violent/antisocial tendencies.
Enhanced Thinking Skills: Improves prosocial behaviour by teaching flexible thinking, impulse control, and moral reasoning (used prisons)

Question 24

why do offendors lack social skills

Answer 24

-cant resist peer pressure
-poor conflict resolution

Question 25

what are 2 key skills taught

Answer 25

Macro skills- assertiveness, negotiation Micro skills- eye contact, appropriate physical distance

Question 26

what is the process of teaching Social Skills Training (SST)

Answer 26

1. Identify social skills deficits: using a questionaire 2. Teach Skills: modelling, instruction role play 3. Provide Feedback: encourage social reinforcement 4. Homework assignments: apply skills in real life scenarios

Question 27

What is anger management about

Answer 27

- cognitive behavioural approach developed by Novaco - aims to change behaviour and thought processes - used in prisons and probation programmes to prevent aggression and reoffending

Question 28

what are the 3 components of anger management

Answer 28

1. Cognitive Preperation: identify anger triggers and and irrational thoughts 2. Skills Aquisition: learn relaxation techniques, social skills and conflict resolution 3. Application Practice: use roleplay in a CONROLLED scenario to apply skills

Question 29

strengths of biological explanation of crime

Answer 29

>Scientific credibility objective empirical research from genetics, neuroanatamy, and biochemistry. twin study 35% concordance rate for criminality MZ twins, 13% DZ twins, suggesting genetic link. Raine et al- pet scans >Real World Application understanding biological risk factors can lead to early intervention strategies, identifying individuals with high impulsivity. Hormone therapy: reduce testosterone has shown reduced risk of re offending >supports nature side of nature vs nurture- twin and adoption studies show a strong inheritability component

Question 30

weaknesses of the biological explanation of crime

Answer 30

-reductionist, ignores social and psychological traumas and focuses on brain structure and genetics. Farrington et al: poor parenting and low SES strong predictor of crime -Deterministic, behaviour is predetermined so removes personal responsibility -Methodological issue in research, many twin and adoption studies lack control over environmental factors. RAINE ET AL- correlation not causation -Ethical concerns- socially sensitive, eugenic scanning (genetic screening for criminal traits) -saying someones predisposed to crime could lead to self fulfilling prophecies.

Question 31

What was the aim of Vallentine & Mesout’s (2009) study?

Answer 31

To investigate the effect of stress on eyewitness identification accuracy in a real-life setting.

Question 32

Where was the study conducted? (Val)

Answer 32

London Dungeon, a naturally stressful environment

Question 33

How was stress measured in participants? (Val)

Answer 33

Using a state anxiety questionnaire.

Question 34

What task did participants complete? (Val)

Answer 34

They had to identify a “scary person” they encountered from a 9-person photo lineup.

Question 35

What were the key findings regarding anxiety and identification accuracy?(val)

Answer 35

High-anxiety participants: Only 17% correctly identified the person. • Low-anxiety participants: 75% correctly identified the person. • Stress impaired eyewitness accuracy.

Question 36

What do the findings suggest about eyewitness testimony? (val)

Answer 36

High stress reduces the reliability of eyewitness identification.

Question 37

What is a key strength of the study? (Val)

Answer 37

High ecological validity – The study took place in a real-life setting, making the findings more applicable to real-world eyewitness situations.

Question 38

What is a key weakness of the study? (Val)

Answer 38

Lack of control over extraneous variables – Individual differences and prior experiences may have affected memory recall.

Question 39

How does the study apply to the criminal justice system?

Answer 39

It suggests that stress may reduce the reliability of eyewitness testimony, which has implications for legal decision-making.

Question 40

What ethical concerns does the study raise?

Answer 40

Participants may have experienced psychological distress due to the high-stress environment.

Question 41

another strength of valentines (questionaire)

Answer 41

The questionnaire provided an objective measure of stress, allowing for more reliable comparison between high and low-anxiety groups.

Question 42

What is a limitation of the sample used in the study? (Valentines)

Answer 42

The sample was self-selected (visitors to the London Dungeon), which may lead to a bias towards individuals who are more thrill-seeking or tolerate stress better.

Question 43

Another weakness of valentines (variable)

Answer 43

Extraneous variables (e.g., individual differences, prior experiences) may have influenced the results, reducing the internal validity of the study.

Question 44

How does the study contribute to understanding eyewitness reliability?

Answer 44

highlights the negative impact of stress on memory recall, suggesting that eyewitness testimony may be less reliable under stressful conditions.

Question 45

ethical issue is raised by the study’s setting?

Answer 45

stressful environment could have caused psychological harm to participants, raising concerns about participant welfare and the ethical treatment of participants.

Question 46

What is antisocial behaviour and examples

Answer 46

Actions causing harassment, alarm, distress to non household individuals -drunken disorder, hoax call, noise nuisances, Animal neglect

Question 47

What is criminal behaviour and examp

Answer 47

Acts prohibited by law and punishable upon conviction