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Sociology > Crime And Deviance > Flashcards

Crime And Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

Lombroso (Positivism)

A

Features: sloping forehead, long arms, large ears, asymmetrical face, likes tattoos

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2
Q

Durkheim (Functionalism)

A

Positive functions of crime
-boundary maintenance (punishment reinforces norms and values) exa: Sarah everard case
-adaptation and change (deviant acts move society forwards) eg stonewall riots

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3
Q

Polsky/Davis (Functionalism)

A

Positive crime:
Safety valve-Prostitution allows men to express sexual frustration without threatening the nuclear family… + polsky pornography

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4
Q

Cohen (Functionalism)

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Positive crime:
Crime is a warning sign that institutions aren’t functioning properly

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5
Q

Evaluation Functionalism

A

-enforcing boundaries is beneficial for society but not for victims
-crime can promote fear and isolation
-crime enables change?- outdated
-don’t specify on what is too much and too little crime
-prostitution and pornography?- feminism
-police create and maintain crime.. unprofessional

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6
Q

Robert Merton (Strain theory)

A

American dream but unequal structural and cultural factors:
Conformity ++
Innovation +-
Ritualism -+ accepted their dead end jobs
Retreatism - - homeless
Rebellion +-+- cults

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7
Q

Strain Theory evaluation

A

-ignores laws criminalising the poor not rich
-assumes a value consensus
-only explains money gain crimes and not others
-focused on individuals, ignores group crimes
-too deterministic

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8
Q

Cohen (Subcultural strain theory)

A

Status frustration - w/c boys who fail to succeed in middle class environments are more likely to join delinquent subcultures

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9
Q

Cloward and Ohlin (Subcultural strain theory)

A

Three subcultures:
Criminal sub- utilitarian crime in criminal areas
Conflict sub- young ppl gangs territory war
Retreatist sub- double failures..drug users

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10
Q

Walter B Miller (Subcultural strain theory)

A

Focal concerns - middle class has its own autonomous subculture and norms

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11
Q

Evaluation Subcultural strain theory

A

Cohen- explains why ppl commit utilitarian crimes but assumes a M/C value consensus
Cloward and Ohlin - ignore crime of the wealthy by focusing on w/c, ignores wider social structures (law enforcers), boundary between subcultures is too established

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12
Q

Howard Becker (Labelling theory)

A

Ppl are labelled as deviant based on Gender, class and ethnicity. Laws are made by moral entrepreneurs. It creates outsiders (suddenly deviant ppl) and increased labelling

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13
Q

Lemert (Labelling theory)

A

Primary deviance: no witness no labelling
Secondary deviance: labelling, deviant career

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14
Q

Cicourel (Labelling theory)

A

Class bias:
Feds patrol w/c areas more due to stereotypes (selective law enforcement). M/c are more likely to negotiate their way out of punishment. (negotiation of justice)

Eg. Lavinia Woodward case

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15
Q

Jock Young (Labelling theory)

A

Moral panics (about drug takers)
Folk devils (drug takers)
Deviance amplification spiral (the harder Feds crack down the more organised drug crime)

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16
Q

Stanley Cohen (Labelling theory)

A

Supported Jock’s Moral panic and folks devil theory with his study “mods and rockers” involving teenagers at seaside

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17
Q

Braithwaite (Labelling theory)

A

+Reintegrative shaming: labels the act but not the actor, avoids stigmatisation, person apologises
-Disintegrative shaming: crime and criminal labelled as bad, offended excluded from society

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18
Q

Evaluation Labelling theory

A

+ explains deviant careers
+identifies the role of the powerful
-ignores victim
-ignores some may choose deviance
-Deterministic- deviant career is not inevitable
-doesn’t explain why do crime before labelling
-focuses on less serious crimes

19
Q

Snider (Marxism)

A

Selective law enforcement:
Justice system is biased, protects businesses, w/c more criminalised than m/c

20
Q

Chambliss (Marxism)

A

Selective law making:
Laws to protect private property are the cornerstone of capitalist economy. Burgeoisie has power to prevent laws against their interests

21
Q

Pearce (Marxism)

A

Ideological functions:
Laws create false class consciousness, crime appears to be a working class phenomenon and divides the w/c who blames criminals for their problems rather than capitalism

22
Q

Evaluation Marxism

A

+ gives a wider structural context
-ignores ethnicity and gender patterns of crime
-not all poor people commit crime: deterministic
-communist societies have crime
-left realists argue w/c commits and falls victims to most crime
-feds are professionals and need to comply

23
Q

Taylor, Walton and Young (Neo-Marxism)

A

Traditional Marxism combined with labelling theory creates a fully social theory of deviance

24
Q

Stuart Hall (Neo Marxism?)

A

Policing the crisis
Increase in muggings In London lead to more police racism, media outrage and division of w/c

25
Q

Evaluation Neo-Marxism

A

-Hirst: it’s not proper Marxism
-Rock: romanticises criminals into Robin Hood figs
-feminists: male stream theory
-hard to apply to real world crime
-crime aint always politically motivated

26
Q

Newburn (White collar and corporate crime)

A

Social construction of statistics makes w/c appear to be more involved in crime

27
Q

Croall (White collar and corporate crime)

A

Invisibility of white collar and corporate crime

28
Q

Sutherland (White collar and corporate crime)

A

White collar crime is committed by respectable people with high social status. Promotes distrust of key institutions (abuse of trust)

Sutherland fails to distinguish occupational and corporate crime

29
Q

(White collar and corporate crime)

A

Invisibility of corporate crime due to:
Delabelling, lack of will to tackle it, the media, underreporting, complexity

30
Q

Corporate crime (strain theory)

A

Box uses mertons strain theory to argue that company’s turn to illegitimate ways of maximising profit

31
Q

Corporate crime (differential association)

A

Sutherland argues crime is learned behaviour from who we associate ourselves with

32
Q

Corporate crime (labelling theory)

A

Nelken argues the m/c has the power to avoid labelling by affording lawyers and professionals

33
Q

Corporate crime (Marxism)

A

Due to capitalisms goal being maximising profit, crime is inevitable and causes harm to employers and consumers

34
Q

Hernstein & Wilson (Right Realism)

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Biological differences make Indivuals more prone to commit crime. Examples: warrior gene

35
Q

Murray (Right Realism)

A

Inadequate socialisation increases crime. Example: absentee fathers

36
Q

Clarke (Right Realism)

A

Rational choice theory means criminals decide to commit based on rational calculation of consequences. If good outweighs bad they’ll do it

37
Q

Tackling crime (Right Realism)

A

Zero tolerance policing (police patrols)
The broken window thesis- maintain orderly characteristics of neighbourhood(Wilson & Kelling)
Target hardening ( make it harder to commit)

38
Q

Evaluation right realism

A

Rational choice theory: some ppl commit irrational
Biological factors: Marxists- fails to explain crimes committed out of necessity eg deprivation
Socialisation: too deterministic, assumes
Situational crime prevention:leads to crime displacement, ignores inequality n deprivation

39
Q

Lea & Young (Left realism)

A

Relative deprivation leads to crime due to feeling resentment towards wealthy ppl

40
Q

Lewis Et al, Young (Left realism)

A

Subcultures form and turn to crime, bulimic society means culturally included but social and economic exclusion

41
Q

Marginalisation (Left Realism)

A

Marginalised groups lack clear goals and representation which leads to frustration and crime

42
Q

Tackling crime (Left realism)

A

-Policing and control (90% of crime cleared due to the public, yet decrease in trusting the police)
-tackling structural causes by providing jobs for everyone, reduce inequality, incr equal opportuniy

43
Q

Evaluation Left realism

A

-Material deprivation: many poor are law abiding and rich are committing white collar crime
-subcultures: not all are criminal
-Marginalisation: why is crime their outlet?
+turning potential criminals into tax payers
-more expensive than right realism
-Marxism: they tackle deprivation but not underlying structural inequality

Sociology (4 decks)

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