crime and deviance Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
what term means the criminal nature of capitalism
A
criminogenic
2
Q
what were the subcultures in chambiss’ study known as
A
saints and roughnecks
3
Q
what kind of deviance did middle class students do
A
joy riding and vandalism
4
Q
what kind of deviance did working class students do
A
theft
5
Q
offer a criticism of chambliss’ study
A
lack of validity in time and place
6
Q
what was the name of the oil well that exploded in 2010
A
deepwater horizon
7
Q
what term did marx use for the idea that that people would feel increasingly isolated from each other
A
alienation
8
Q
what term did marx use for the idea that people would become increasingly poor under capitalism
A
pauperisation
9
Q
why did snider say that laws appear to benefit the working class may be passed
A
in order to maintain control and prevent a rebellion
10
Q
what did gordon note about working class crime
A
its surprising there isn’t more
11
Q
give an example of white collar crime
A
fraud
corporate manslaughter
12
Q
whose research looked at saints and roughnecks
A
chambliss
13
Q
what did chambliss’ research discover
A
middle class crime was speeding and vandalism, whereas working class crime was theft
14
Q
in what indian town did a chemical explosion kill 4000
A
bhopal
15
Q
who argued that white collar crime is less visible because there’s no ‘blood on the streets’
A
coall
16
Q
what brand of car caused 300 deaths
A
ford pinto
17
Q
how might crime strengthen the collective conscience
A
creates boundaries between wrong and right
18
Q
how did durkheim describe a society with no deviance
A
anomie
19
Q
which functionalist term means a society that is not functioning adequately
A
anomie
20
Q
in what way does crime serve a warning function
A
serves a warning that there is something wrong with society that needs to be fixed
21
Q
who argued that crime serves a warning function
A
clinard
22
Q
how did cohen argue crime may act as a safety valve
A
allows people to be individual whilst work requires them to not be too individualistic
23
Q
what did durkheim argue the adaptive functions of deviance are
A
the morality of future, challenging unjust laws to make the law more fair
24
Q
what did durkheim the maintenance functions of deviance are
A
boundary maintenance, illustrates what’s right and wrong
25
give an example of crime creating collective conscience
harvey weinstein case
26
give an example of crime being a warning function
the london riots
27
why do functionalists argue that crime is beneficial
collective conscience
social change
creates jobs
28
what did snider say about laws protecting the working class
these laws are passed reluctantly to prevent the bourgeoisie's further loss of power
29
what did stephen box argue about the social construct of crime
crimes by major corporations are ignored or fine, whereas working class crimes are punished more severely
30
what did gordon say about working class crime
it was surprising they don't commit more crime
31
how does criminogenic capitalism lead to working class crime
wc become poorer as bourgeoisie seek bigger profits
divided up to prevent revolution
encouraged to think about themselves alone
32
what did reiman say about selective law enforcement
crimes of the powerful are much less likely to be treated as criminal offences and prosecuted
there are higher rates of prosecution for the kinds of ‘street crimes’ that poor people typically commit
33
what is white collar crime
occupational/workplace crime which happens amongst the middle class
34
what types of crime are white collar
fraud
negligence
35
what did box say about white collar crime
the harm caused by corporate crime are far more serious than street crime
36
why did croall suggest that white collar crime is underreported
its invisible as no 'blood on the streets'
difficult to place blame in big companies
victims may not realise
37
why does white collar crime matter for criminologists
high cost
uneven treatment of the law
evidence of criminogenic capitalism
38
what does clinard say the function of crime is
to serve as a warning function
39
what does it mean for crime to be a warning function
it indicates that something is wrong with society
40
what does cohen say the function of crime is
a safety valve
41
what does it mean for crime to be a safety vale
allows people to be individual whilst work requires them to not be too individualistic
42
what does durkheim argue crime may represent
morality of the future
43
what type of function is mortality of the future
adaptive
44
what are adaptive functions
helps society to adapt to changes
45
what are maintenance functions
it serves to illustrate what is right and what is wrong
46
who proved durkheims theories
erikson
47
what were eriksons findings
the institutions that exist to restrict or punish deviants view their role as handling, rather than removing, deviants from society
the amount of deviance tolerable by society was basically static
48
who did erikson study
puritans in america
49
what is a manifest function of crime
what it intends to do
50
what is an example of a manifest function of crime
theft to gain property
51
what is a latent function of crime
unintended, hidden consequences
52
what is an example of a latent function of crime
increasing funding for the police
53
what is the american dream
independence, self-governance and wealth
54
what does mertons strain theory suggest
crime happens when there is a gap between society’s goals and the individual’s ability to achieve these goals
55
why is there strain
goals of society are too high
individuals ability to achieve is too low
56
what response to strain theory involves accepting cultural means and accepting institutionalised means
conformity
57
what response to strain theory involves accepting cultural means and rejecting institutionalised means
innovation
58
what response to strain theory involves rejecting cultural means and accepting institutionalised means
ritualism
59
what response to strain theory involves rejecting cultural means and rejecting institutionalised means
retreatism
60
what response to strain theory involves creating new goals for new means
rebellion
61
how did kornhauser criticise strain theory
research found that deviants had low expectations, so didn’t subscribe to society’s goals
many crimes still defy categories: crimes of passion, white collar/corporate crimes, crimes of neglect
62
what is a subculture
an identity or attitude shared within small groups which differ from the mainstream
63
why are subcultures sometimes criminal
may become extreme and may be criminal in enforcing their beliefs
64
why are subcultures always deviant
have norms and values outside of the mainstream, often involves dressing differently
65
what does cohen argue causes subcultures
status frustration
wc men believe in goals but lack the opportunity to succeed, so reject the goals and form subcultures
66
what does miller argue causes wc crime
focal concerns
smartness autonomy trouble excitement masculinity
67
what do cloward and olin suggest about subcultures committing crime
subcultures have irrational responses, and individuals who cant succeed form criminal conflict and retreats subcultures
68
who argues status frustration forms subcultures
cohen
69
who argues focal concerns cause subcultures
miller
70
who argues subcultures have irrational responses
cloward and olin
71
who developed the strain theory
merton
72
who said mertons theory only applies to certain crimes
kornhauser
73
what did matza say about crime
people who commit crime do it temporarily
74
how did matza suggest deviants rationalise their actions
techniques on neutralisation as they share mainstream values
75
what did stan cohen research
mods and rockers
76
what was found about mods and rockers
initial fight was over reported so led to a deviancy amplification and a self fulfilling prophect
77
what is a deviancy amplification
the deviant act becomes worse than it initially was
78
what is a self fulfilling prophecy
you become what you are told that you are
79
what is a folk devil
someone who is easy to blame as the bad part of society
80
what is a moral panic
something that isn't actually important overall
81
what does phil cohen suggest about subcultures
they form in areas where economics change rapidly due to capitalism
82
what happened in the east of london in relation to subcultures
work on docks was banished and sent off shore, working class men protested by exaggerating dock gear
83
name three features and their reasonings in skinhead fashion subcultures
shaved head - hair can get caught in machinery
braces - a belt would get caught
boots - prevent slipping on docks
84
what does brake describe subcultures as
magical solutions - feeling like your community even when it has been destroyed by capitalism
85
what does hall and jefferson call subcultures
resistance through style - a way of resisting even when they know its ineffective
86
what does hebdidge say about subcultures and rebelling
small rebellions are short lived as capitalism takes ideas and sells them, making them ineffective
87
name two examples of incorporation
vintage style
music styles (straight outta compton, h&m)
88
what is incorporation
capitalism takes subcultures and makes money off of them
89
what does clarke say the wealth of football has done
supporters have lost territory leading to football violence
90
how has football changed
become a huge consumer market
become increasingly International
91
what is ecological theory
association between certain crimes and where they happen
92
how many zones did park and burgess identify
5
93
what is zone 1 in park and burgess' study
central business district
94
what is zone 2 in park and burgess' study
factory zone
95
what is zone 3 in park and burgess' study
zone of transition
96
what is zone 4 in park and burgess' study
residential zone
97
what is zone 5 in park and burgess' study
commuter zone
98
how did park and burgess conduct their research
devised a map of square miles according to income, race and accounted crime and victim rates
99
what did park and burgess find about victims
they are more likely to be poor
100
what is social disorganisation theory
social structures that impact a location's level of desirability make it difficult for residents of the neighborhood to come together to create common goals
101
what did mckay and shaw find
juvenile delinquency is focused in the zone of transition
102
what did sutherland say
where social bonds are weaker, crime is more common as people don't feel part of society and so are more willing
103
what did cavan say
zone of transition's limited organisation leads to various form of deviance such as divorce and suicide
104
what did baldwin and bottoms study and how does this evaluate the park and burgess study
studied crime rares in catergoris of council, rented and occupier owned and found that factors such as unemployment and immigration didn't affect crime, meaning the research isn't translatable
105
what does charles murray say about crime and deviance
crimes like substance abuse and shop lifting can be explained by a lack of work ethic
106
what does david marsland say about crime and deviance
discuss over generous welfare state, boredom through lack of work makes issues like substances and illegitimacy rife
107
how may you evaluate new rights ideas about crimes
it blames victims, illegitimacy is no longer seen as deviant and it discounts crimes such as white collar
108
who is they key right realist thinker
james q wilson
109
what are the three theories of right realists
socialisation
biology
rational choice
110
what do biological theories emphasise
some people are more likely to commit crimes as it is in their genes
111
what is seen as the criminal gene
xyy chromosome
112
what did hb glass say
men with xy chromosomes are more likely to be sex deviants
113
who said men with the xyy gene are more likely to be deviant
hb glass
114
who are the squeegee men
clean windows then insist on payment
115
what are evaluations for the right realist biological theory
ignores reason for biology, for example being working class, middle class crimes are ignored so it may be because some or just more likely to be prosecuted
116
what is rational choice theory
people commit crimes because society gives them the chance to
117
what do right realists propose to reduce crime rates
harsher punishments
more protection like cctv
118
why does soft punishment increase crime
can get away with it
119
why does lack of protection increase crime
easier to do
120
what did cornish and clarke say
criminals find cost and benefits of offering and only commit crimes when there is more to gain
121
name two key examples of rational choice theory
squeegee men
england riots
122
what did they do in the england riots to reduce it
courts gave 25% longer sentences
123
what is evaluations of rational choice theory
based on assumptions of lower class criminals, ignores structural problems and victims
124
what is the broken window theory
visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes
125
what is a key example of a left realist study
the perry pre school project
126
what was the procedure of the perry pre school project
123 school children were divided into 2 groups, one new given no education and others were in a high quality education
127
what measures were taken in the perry pre school project to ensure validity
a big sample size and controlled data and variables through a longitudinal study
128
what figures were found from the perry pre school project
the no program group:
arrested more
earned less
didn't graduate
lower iq
129
what are some evaluations of the perry pre school project
not representative, may be other affecting factors, not ethical
130
what are policies introduced after the perry project
free nursery hours
surestart centres
131
what do realists believe about crime
negative impact on victims
negative impact on society
132
who created the square of crime
jock young
133
what is the square of crime
victim - offender
- -
wider society - police
134
what does jock young believe makes crime worse
uncertainty and instability
less agreement about moral values
immediate gratification
less community control
135
why does crime happen according to left realists
marginalisation
relative deprivation
subcultures
136
why does marginalisation cause crime
certain groups feel ostracised so turn to crime as they don't have legitimate means to stand up against oppression as other groups do
137
why does relative deprivation cause crime
people feel deprived compared to others in their society
doesn't reflect a general economic downturn
138
what does runciman say
as expectations rise, dissatisfaction rises as they are more likely to compare to celebs
139
why do subcultures cause crime according to left realists
a response to marginalisation and relative deprivation as young people are at a high risk of marginalisation, they can also create community tensions
140
how might a mix of marginalisation subcultures and relative deprivation lead to crime in the young
more at risk of feeling relative deprivation and status frustration as a result
141
what are the left realist solutions to crime
community style policing
tackling inequality
early intervention
142
what is community style policing
being a trusted presence within the community, working closely with people and using a range of problem-solving skills to address community issues.
143
what problems were highlighted with the police and who said this
kinsey lea and young
clear up rate is slow
spend little time investigating
rely on info from the public
144
what did lea kinsey and young argue
crime happens less when there's less inequality, use education workers rights and investing inequality
145
what is the early intervention project
for every 1 dollar spent, 17 dollars were saved
146
what are some evaluations of left realism
marxism under a different name, solutions haven't made a different, woman would be more expected
147
what punishments exist in the uk
community service
prison
fines
bans
community orders
discharge
148
what are the functions of punishment
reform
restitution
deterrence
public safety
149
reform as punishment
change the individual so they don't reoffend
150
left realist functions of punishment
reform
restitution
151
right realist functions of punishment
deterrance
152
restitution as punishment
used to repair damage done
153
deterrence as punishment
discourage future criminals
154
public safety as function of punishment
remove criminals from society
155
define transcarceration
state institutions will take care of people from a young age, move from foster to reform schools, then to prisons
156
what does durkheim suggest an expressive function of punishment is
emotive, society can voice its discontent
157
what does durkheim suggest an instrumental function of punishment is
practical and pragmatic meaning
158
how does prison fulfil expressive functions of punishment
juries
media
all public
declares deviants
159
how does prison fulfil instrumental functions of punishment
deterrence
protection from society
reform
160
what is the function of punishment according to foucault
the shift in the role of punishment shows a shift in the purpose of power in society.
Now, peasants are workers making a profit for the bourgeoisie- so punishment’s purpose is to get people back into work, in order to be exploited
161
how does the panopticon function
prisoners don't know when they're being observed so they reform through the feeling of being watched
162
what does gordon say about punishment
its the most marginalised
10% of men and 30% of women have had a previous psychiatric admission
48% of all prisoners are at, or below, the level expected of an 11 year old
71% of children in custody have been involved with, or in the care of, social services
163
what does goffman mean by mortification
institutions like prisons strip individuals identities away
164
how is mortification achieved by prison
uniform
referred by number
lack of free time
stripped of personal possessions
165
what is interactionsim
individuals are shared by interactions rather than institutions or structures
166
what is a master label
adopting a label and seeing yourself that way
167
what is a breaching experiment
one in which there is a deliberate breach of an accepted social norm in order to observe the response
168
what were the findings of beckers breaching experiment
parents responded in the same way as bereavement
169
describe beckers breaching experiment
uni students went home and rejected traditional behaviour of sons/daughters
170
what did lemert study
canadian inuits who had a tendency to stutter
171
why did lemert suggest deviance happens
societies had a strong emphasis on public speaking, when stuttering was punished, it was made worse
172
evaluations of lemert's sudy
specific to one population, its hard to generalise
173
evaluations of interactionist theory
overly deterministic
ignores root causes
too conceptual
174
what does becker suggest about deviant behaviour
its based on response or interpretation of deviance
deviance is constructed
175
name the crime prevention strategies
early intervention
situational
broken windows
military style policing
176
what is an example of early intervention
perry school project
177
what was tony blair
178
what has happened to crime rates since 1979
they have decreased
179
180
why does it feel like crime rates have increased since 1979
better media coverage and harsher language (mean world syndrome)
181
define mean world syndrome
the way crime is presented in the media makes crime look more serious
182
why do marxists reject official crime statistics
the state sets laws and so can choose what to report
183
how do left realists feel about official statistics of crime
statistics may be inaccurate, but most of the time they are accurate
184
what is an example of an unreported crime
crimes by state and the police (spying and deceiving)
185
who are most likely to be victims of crime in general
working class, young, white men
186
who are most likely to be victims of hate crime
asian people and woman who wear headscarfs
187
who are there most likely to be victims of sexual offences
woman
188
who are most likely to be victims of exploitation
elderly and the disabled
189
outline wolfgangs study into victimhood
studied 558 homicides and found that 26% of the victims had provoked the murder and had similar traits to the typical murderer
190
evaluate wolfgangs research into victimhood
problems with gangs skewed the results, one area was studied which means it isn't applicable, blames the victims
191
what type of sociologist is tierney
positivist criminoligist
192
outline tourneys theory of victims
proneness and precipitation lead to crime
193
evaluate positivist criminology
precipitation is rarely a factor, blames victims, has no solutions
194
