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work poverty welfare Flashcards

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1
Q

what does al gini say about the significance of work

A

what we do is what we’ll become
our identity will come to be shaped by the work we complete

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2
Q

how long does the average person work

A

85,000 hours

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3
Q

what does parker say about the significance of work

A

the type of work will shape not just their working lives, but also their leisure pursuits

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4
Q

how does physically hard and dangerous work affect our leisure according to parker

A

leisure is “oppositional” to work
these people deliberately do things that are unlike work, such as going out, drinking to excess, and focusing on pleasure

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5
Q

how does boring and routine work affect our leisure according to parker

A

leisure is focused on relaxation at home with family, or going out with friends

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6
Q

how does high commitment and involvement work affect our leisure according to parker

A

work is demanding so it blurs into leisure- people may go golfing with colleagues, or prepare work at home when “off the clock”

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7
Q

what does beck say about the significance of work

A

we can ‘construct our own biographies’ from a variety of building blocks, and that we do this consciously

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8
Q

what does mcintosh say about parkers theory of significance of work

A

it ignores the deeply gendered ways both work and leisure work
womans leisure lives are controlled by their families and their husband and their children rather than their working lives

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9
Q

what do marxists say about the significance of work

A

argued that work is a central part of our identity, defining us as either proletariat (workers) or bourgeoisie (owners)

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10
Q

gorz

A

non class of non workers and dual societies were beginning to form

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11
Q

what did robert putnam write

A

bowling alone

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12
Q

what does robert putnam say about significance of work

A

participation in non-work based society is actually declining, not increasing
argued that the amount of americans participating in bowling leagues, local politics, parent-teacher association, youth groups and community groups has declined

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13
Q

what does doherty say about the significance of work

A

work has become increasingly ‘degraded’- it is no longer satisfying or interesting
as a consequence of this, it matters less to our lives.

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14
Q

what is evidence of work becoming degraded

A

instead of having careers people trend towards flexible and short-term work, part time and temporary hours, and highly insecure work such as zero hours contracts

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15
Q

what does bauman say about the significance of work

A

argued that leisure choices, rather than work, has become a central part of our identity
we increasingly think that we are what we do out of choice, rather than what we are required to do at work

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16
Q

what does harvey say about the significance of work

A

the perceived relaxation of work in modern times (what he called ‘flexible accumulation’) appears to create greater freedom, whilst actually creating greater insecurity for the working class

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17
Q

what are the factors of work which may shape our identity

A

pay
workplace health
stress
hours
status

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18
Q

how may pay shape our identity

A

determines our life outside of work

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19
Q

how may workplace health shape our identity

A

may bring pride

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20
Q

how may stress shape our identity

A

determines free time and enjoyment

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21
Q

how may hours shape our identity

A

determines free time and time for yourself

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22
Q

how may status shape our identity

A

how you are perceived and your responsibility

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23
Q

who may you use to evaluate parker and al gini for the significance of work

A

beck and mcintosh

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24
Q

who may you evaluate gorz’ view on the significance of work with

A

putnam

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25
what group of people are the most unemployed
black and minority ethnic
26
how does globalisation cause unemployment
offshoring
27
what is offshoring
companies move jobs to poorer countries to take advantage of the lower costs
28
how does new technology cause unemployment
automatism and a take over of jobs
29
how does economic shifts cause unemployment
declines in manufacturing probles
30
how does economic shifts cause unemployment
declines in manufacturing probles
31
what three things are causes of unemployment
globalisation new technology economic shifts
32
what does taylor say about unemployment
working class jobs are being offshored to poorer countries, creating a globalised proletariat
33
what does mason say about unemployment
argued that many people in manual and unskilled labour are at risk from automatism but affects the unskilled service industry
34
what is the primary labour market
full time, trained workers selling skills
35
what is the secondary labour market
people who’s labour provides services for the primary labour market
36
who identified labour markets
atkinson
37
what does walby say about labour markets
argued women were more likely to be in the secondary labour market and that the unemployment statistics do not show movement through peripheral jobs
38
how does unemployment affect identity according to durkheim
the unemployed experience anomie and feel a lack of purpose as they are derived from the identity and status of work
39
what did danny dorling find about unemployment and health
did a meta analysis of doctor records and found those in secure employment recovered quicker
40
what did guillford find about unemployment and health
far higher rates of mental illness amongst unemployed men
41
how do postmodernists see globalisation
a part of postmodern life
42
how do marxists see globalisation
believe it has led to the spread of capitalism and exploitation
43
give an examples of high income countries
US, UK, australia
44
give an examples of middle income countries
russia and china
45
give an examples of low income countries
most african countries
46
how did globalisation affect work post 1945
manufacturing was moved to low and middle income countries
47
how has globalisation affected work in the past 20 years
computer tech has be one huge where spoken english is high and access to the internet frees up markets (eastern europe and india)
48
how has globalisation affected the large markets
production of fossil fuels and steel have largely been moved to china
49
how does ian taylor (marxist) suggest globalisation is shaping work
it exports capitalism to countries where it has not yet developed
50
how do Marxists suggest globalisation shapes work
leaders are attracted to the money capitalism brings and open up countries to corporations which are after cheap lanour
51
how do marxists suggest globalisation exports capitalism
they offshore work to countries with no or low minimum wages, or where children may work
52
what does bech suggest about globalisation
it has brought new risks: things we can’t control
53
what are new risks that bech suggests
as technology improved, traditional risks such as war have faded and new risks which we understand less such as employment insecurity have formed
54
what are evaluations of bechs view on globalisation
traditional risks still happen (wars in ukraine and covid) and these have huge impacts on the world
55
what are new risks identified by beck
employment insecurity: jobs are moved overseas immigration
56
how can we use the knowledge economy to show that globalisation has not made work more uncertain
many traditional roles are offered such as catering and entertainment
57
how has work changed since 1970
decline in manual industry and increase in specialised manufacturing
58
what is the knowledge economy
the modern world has moved from manufacturing towards design development marketing sales and services, which require knowledge and personal skills
59
how many jobs rely on the knowledge economy and who identified this
the work foundation have predicted over 50% of jobs , not including those who train such as schools
60
how does the knowledge economy challenge taylorism and fordism
workers are trained and work based on their skills rather than learning to do unskilled labour
61
how does the knowledge economy challenge bravermans theory
most jobs use qualifications and skills
62
what is post fordism
work now focuses on consumer choice and freedom of workers
63
define flexible accumulation
workers can earn money in different ways, such as working two part time jobs or self employment
64
what is marxists david harveys evaluation of flexible accumulation
argues it creates uncertainty and inconsistency and decreases people’s chance of success
65
what is flexible production
products are not mass produced, but made to the needs of consumers which creates more jobs
66
what does laurie grahams research show about flexible production
research on japanese form showed products were made by customers but this meant work relied on peer pressure and production decreased
67
what do bonachich and applebaum argue about the use of the global market in flexible production
it creates a race to the bottom where corporations offer lower prices to appeal to customers
68
define the use of the global market in flexible production
most garment workers do not work for the brand, and are instead done elsewhere in order to get the lowest prices
69
how does ian taylor argue against flexible production
the race to the bottom continues exploitation by making wages and conditions low as possible
70
how else might post fordism lead to a decline in workers rights according to graham
a decline in trade unions means rights are not protected
71
how does anna pollert argue against postmodernist views of work
suggests fordism was not as prominent as widely believed
72
how do marxists evaluate postmodernist views of work
argue that work inequalities are still based on the ownership of big businesses, so any new freedoms are really just a smokescreen
73
how does wood evaluate postmodernist views of work
post-fordism is a continuation of fordism, as most products continue to be made on production lines the diversity of products makes it feel 'customisable'- this is just a consequence of the sheer amount of manufacturers

SOCIOLOGY (4 decks)

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