Crime and Deviance Flashcards

Question

Miller

Answer 1

Functionalist sub cultural working class men are preoccupied with 5 concerns that increase chances of committing crimes smartness, autonomy, trouble, excitement, masculinity

Answer 2

Functionalist sub cultural argues subcultures may be responses that are not rational, argue individuals who cannot succeed form criminal, conflict and retreatist sub cultures

Answer 3

Functionalist sub cultural evaluation Argues most people who commit crime do it temporarily, deviants rationalise their actions with techniques of neutralisation because they share mainstream values

Answer 4

Interactionist sub cultural - subcultures only viewed as deviant by those outside the subculture Mods and Rockers study initial scuffle over reported in media in order to make bigger story Moral panic - built up as big deal Folk Devil - easy to blame Self fulfilling prophecy- something believed comes true Deviancy amplification - deviant act becomes worse than it was

Answer 5

Labelling Theory society makes things deviant as they say it is but wasn't before, cycle repeats so more deviance created breaching experiment (deliberate breach of social norms to observe responses) University students went home to parents and reject traditional behaviour of sons or daughters Parents responded as if their child had died

Answer 6

Studied Canadian Inuits who had unusually common tendency to stutter, found society had strong emphasis on public speaking, when children stammered they were chastised which caused stammering to worsen Initial act 'primary deviance' worsened by societal pressure made it 'secondary deviance'

Answer 7

Left realist Gave high quality pre school education to half of 123 children with risk factor of failing then followed all into later life If you fund early education it will lead to better outcomes in life EG less arrests, earned more, graduated more, more homework completed, higher IQ Found every $1 spent in intervention, $17 saved in later costs

Answer 8

Community style policing highlight problems with policing: clear up rate is low spend little time actually investigating crimes rely on public Tackling inequality: argue crime happens when there is inequality so use education, workers rights and invest in communities

Answer 9

Left realist Square of crime Connection between victim, offender, police and society Late modernity makes crime worse: uncertainty and instability less agreement on morals focus on immediate gratification less community control

Answer 10

Marginalisation - don't have means to stand up against ostracisation eg young unemployed Relative deprivation - deprived in comparison to others (Runciman) Subcultures - create community tensions with economic system

Answer 11

early intervention community style policing

Answer 12

left realist expectations for quality of life rise so does dissatisfaction with deprivation

Answer 13

right realist underclass - substance abuse and shoplifting explained by poor socialisation

Answer 14

Right realist over-generous welfare state, boredom leads to deviance like substance abuse and illegitimacy

Answer 15

Founder of right realism

Answer 16

Rational choice theory - commit crimes due to soft punishment (cornish and clarke) Biology - HB Glass Socialisation - (murray/ marsland)

Answer 17

situational crime prevention (target hardening) military style policing broken windows

Answer 18

1993 NYPD crack down - cleaned car windows then demand payment 50% wanted or outstanding warrants

Answer 19

Right argued men with XYY chromosome more likely to be 'sex deviants'

Answer 20

criminals weigh up costs of commiting and offend when more to gain

Answer 21

Ecological mapped every square mile of American cities according to income, race etc. Most crimes occur in zone of transition zone 1 central business zone 2 factory zone zone 3 zone of transition zone 4 residential zone zone 5 commuter zone

Answer 22

Ecological juvenile delinquency focused in zone of transition

Answer 23

ecological argues where social bands are weaker, crime is more common people will be more willing if they don't feel part of society

Answer 24

ecological found limited social organisation led to various forms of deviance rather than just crime

Answer 25

ecological evaluation studied crime in sheffield in 3 categories: council houses, rented and owned crime highest in council but disorganised factors didn't have impact

Answer 26

expressive function is emotive allowing society to express discontent media/jury instrumental function practical meaning, prevent reoffending criminals off street/reforming/deterring

Answer 27

reform - left realist deterrence - right realist restitution - left realists, can be used to repair damage public safety

Answer 28

punishment marxist shift in role of punishment shows shift in purpose of power punishment used to show dominance of king, now created workers for bourgeoisie uses round prisons (panopticon), criminals don't know when they are being watched so act this way at all times, prison reforms by watching

Answer 29

marxist marginalised end up in prison eg 10% men, 30% women previous psychiatric admission

Answer 30

mortification interactionist punishment individuals have identity and idea of self stripped

Answer 31

described target hardening as 'bars, blots and barriers'

Answer 32

Displacement Situational prevention may simply move crime to another area

Answer 33

Broken Windows theory Immediately repairing damaged areas, zero tolerance policing and harsh punishment used widely in 1980s

Answer 34

studied broken windows car in palo alto nice neighborhood not touched until he broke a window car in new york stripped instantly

Answer 35

during 1950s US started driving armored cars, carrying weapons, wearing stab vests believed people would avoid committing crimes

Answer 36

crime stats mean world syndrome better media coverage has led to the appearance that crime is increasing, particularly violent crimes, when it is decreasing

Answer 37

study on victimhood monitored 558 homicides in Philadelphia 1948-52 26% homicides victim provoked murder many victims had criminal history, violence/alcohol victim and perpetrator usually young men

Answer 38

2 ways people become victims: 1 victim proneness - member of certain social group 2 victim perpetration - actions of an individual can lead them to being victims (eg not locking doors)

Answer 39

feminist as women have less time outside work due to dual burden likely to commit less crime controlled in workplace, 'private domestic sphere' and 'public sphere'

Answer 40

decline in control of women increase in 'ladette' behaviour women having jobs and autonomy gives income and opportunity to participate women can participate in night time economy so increase crime

Answer 41

1 women commit less crime as sign up to deals gender deal- rewards that arise from fulfilling home life class deal- material rewards of working in paid employment those who can't access commit more crime 2 sentences given influenced by characters and performance in relation to traditional roles

Answer 42

sex role theory females - caring and empathetic and attached to family, busier and attitude stops crime men more decisive and act

Answer 43

justice system dominated by men who don't take women seriously police less likely to arrest judge sentence less harsh juries less likely to acquit women

Answer 44

liberal feminist men unable to become new man (family oriented/empathetic) and resent success of women so adopt old fashioned masculinity inc violence against women

Answer 45

redundant masculinity focus groups young men shortage of job opportunities for WC men led to return to old masculinities, misogynistic views

Answer 46

Badfellas bouncers in sunderland, WC men traditionally working in shipyards, now could 'achieve' masculinity through force (legally or illegally) and other criminal activities eg selling drugs

Answer 47

police institutionally racist as result of laws/ customs/ practices being discriminatory suggests fully developed partnership approach, police services working jointly with ethnic minority Stephen Lawrence investigation - police sustain negative relationship with Lawrence family

Answer 48

police officers hold racist and racialised expectations higher stop and search rates develops anti-police feeling - higher offences

Answer 49

some police may be racist - disputes institutional racism ethnic minorities live in inner city areas, offending is expected stop and search in wc areas roughly equal

Answer 50

media and scapegoating found black people more than 2 times as likely to be portrayed as criminals whilst asylum seekers/non-whites portrayed as 'problem group'

Answer 51

policing the crisis moral panic of young black men mugging white people bourgeoisie amplified to divide working class economy in decline, bourgeoisie distracting from this

Answer 52

ethnic minorities especially African-Caribbean commit more crime to resist british culture eg 1980s race riots resisting police oppression

Answer 53

children directly copy violence in media

Answer 54

Ted Bundy killed over 30 females, claim to develop from pornography in media

Answer 55

evaluate media and crime analysed hundreds of studies into violence and media, no correlation

Answer 56

feminism, pornography and media advocated for bans on pornography

Answer 57

'pornography is the theory, rape is the practice'

Answer 58

evaluating anti-pornography pornography can educate people about sex

Answer 59

reports of violent and sexual crimes risen significantly over last 50 years

Answer 60

British newspapers devote 30% space to crime

Answer 61

the state is a group that is allowed to use violence eg army/ prison/ police

Answer 62

Holocaust 6 million jews killed, 6 million others Rwanda genocide 1 million died 3 1/2 months

Answer 63

problems with discovery (holocaust) problems with prosecution (holocaust) problems with scale (Rwanda)

Answer 64

Study of harm state crime is difficult to define as state can make crimes 'not illegal' should judge crimes to be actions that cause harm rather than break the law

Answer 65

Human rights A common standard of human rights should be applied and if violated would constitute state crime

Answer 66

the enlightenment - belief that powers and freedoms are innate rather than granted by king or God development of liberalism, dominant political philosophy of west UN human rights

Answer 67

Social conditions of state crime Used interviews and secondary documents to study crimes of obedience My Lai Massacre American conscription army attacked 400 unarmed civilians Authorisation- following orders Routinisation- desensitised from horrors Dehumanisation- saw Vietnamese at lesser species

Answer 68

Many features of modernity needed for holocaust 1)Science - test-retest approach 2)Technology - trains and railways 3)Division of labor - able to blame others

Answer 69

Marxist Western countries some of worst perpetrators of state crime argues US violates its own electoral laws, kills citizens and violates other countries sovereignty

Answer 70

Left Realist Chomsky holds western countries to a higher standard - moral relativism US not violating international law on same level as other non-Western states

Answer 71

Spiral of Denial the way the state are able to deny their actions 1- deny it happened 2- 'it' is something else 3- justify it

Answer 72

1 primary green crime - direct effect on environment eg deforestation/ pollution 2 secondary green crime - attempts to hide primary eg violence against protestors

Answer 73

war between iraq and UK/US alliance leader of iraq saddam hussein ordered 11 million barrels of crude oil poured into persian gulf to prevent US marine landing most damaging oil slick in history 2 species extinct

Answer 74

from Africa and South Asia to China for used in medicine Pangolin most trafficked in world

Answer 75

made aware in 1960s anthropogenic climate change already led to destruction of 50% world species

Answer 76

transgressive criminology - goes beyond legal definition of green crime crimes are defined by the state who are often perpetrators of green crime

Answer 77

transgressive green crime = human action that causes environmental harm

Answer 78

risk society green crime we have moved from localised threats and more impact by global threats harder to understand, creates uneasiness

Answer 79

criminal businesses operate similarly to regular businesses looking to make profit have hierarchy and specialise, fields are illegal

Answer 80

globalisation transnational industry worth $1 trillion each year equivalent to 17th wealthiest nation used police reports so probably underestimate

Answer 81

Mcmafia end of cold war led to move of economy from government to private Russians become wealthy involved illegal/legal activities to protect wealth Chechen mafia became franchise

Answer 82

organised crime globalisation allowed capitalism to operate on both sides of law global proletariat produce good legal or illegal global bourgeoisie consume goods

Crime and Deviance Flashcards

(106 cards)