Crime And Deviance Flashcards

Question

What does tomb note about corporate crime Marxism ?

Answer 1

Corporate crime has enormous costs: physical,environmental and economic

Answer 2

Little coverage on the media Lack of political will to tackle corporate crime Crimes are complex Delabelling Under reported

Answer 3

Argues that if a company can’t achieve its goal of maximising profit by legal means it may employ illegal ones instead

Answer 4

Criticised Marxists for economic determinism and instead see crime as a meaningful action and a conscious choice by the actor. Social theory of deviance : 1. The wider origins of the deviant act 2.immediate origins of the deviant act 3.the act itself 4.immediate origins of social reaction 5.the wider origins of societal reaction 6.the effects of labelling

Answer 5

1.the 1970s was a time of social change 2.inner city riots 3.mugging- suggested its more likely to be carried out by African Caribbean men 4.media outrage 5.need to find a scapegoat 6.sense of injustice amongst African men

Answer 6

Conscious choice Free will Redistribution of wealth-political motives Criminals aren’t puppets of capitalism

Answer 7

1. Rock 1988 Robin Hood thesis, romanticise crime but left realists say most crime is wc against wc 2.feminsts argue its gender blind applied the same explanation for men and women 3.not all crime are politically motivated like non utilitarian 4.overly idealistic and can’t be applied to real life

Answer 8

Right realists see crime as a real problem for society they think the cause is part biological part social as they can’t be changed they focus on solutions Left realists believe crime is caused by relative deprivation,subcultures and marginalisation. Their solution stems from reducing societal inequality

Answer 9

Argue that biological differences between individuals make some individuals more predisposed to crime like personality traits such as aggression, low intelligence is also a contributing factor. They put forward a biosocial theory

Answer 10

Murray argues crime is increasing due to the mounting underclass defined by their deviant behaviour. He believes that the underclass fails to adequately socialise their children

Answer 11

Clarke believes the decision to commit a crime is based on a rational calculation of consequences. If perceived rewards outweigh costs people are more likely to offend. Criminals have the free will to commit crime right realists believe the reward for the crime currently is too low which is why crime rates have decreased

Answer 12

Lea and young argue that relative deprivation leads to crime because people who are deprived resent others having more material good than them thus resorting to illegitimate means to achieve the same level of materials

Answer 13

Marginalised groups don’t feel part of a society and lack clear goals and organisations to represent them which leads to frustration and resentment they express that through criminal acts

Answer 14

Subcultures are collective response to the problem of relative deprivation . Criminal subcultures still subscribe to the goals and values of society such as materialism and consumerism. These ideas link to cloward and ohlin and cohen blocked opportunity theory and inability to achieve goals through legitimate means

Answer 15

Zero tolerance policy- police should take a sharp approach rand carry out stop and search on suspicious characters Wilson and kelling broken window thesis- essential to maintain orderly characteristics of neighbourhoods and reduce any signs of crime immediately Target hardening-if you make it harder to commit crime this will reduce the rewards and act as a deterrent.

Answer 16

Policing and control- police need to improve their relationship with their communities as they are the ones that report the crimes Tackling structural causes of crime-reduce inequality of opportunity,discrimination and provide jobs for everyone

Answer 17

Ignore wider structural causes of crime Doesn’t explain violent or impulsive crimes Contradictory between rationality and bio social causes of crime Ignores corporate and white collar crimes

Answer 18

Interactionists- doesn’t explain the motives due to reliance on quantitative data Assumes a value consensus Relative deprivation can’t explain all crimes Focus on high crime inner city crime and give an unrepresentative view on crime

Answer 19

Those which are collected by the government agencies and usually published by the office of national statistics

Answer 20

The statistics that are complied using police, court and prison records

Answer 21

Statistics which are complied through victim surveys and self report surveys 50,000 people over the age of 16 are asked annually if they have been a victim of crime

Answer 22

Where people are asked to answer honestly if they have committed a crime or not in the last 12 months annually around 50000 people are asked to

Answer 23

People may not know if they have committed a crime as some crimes aren’t seen as real crimes and also people might not answer truthfully

Answer 24

Looks at the composition of the prison system including gender, class, ethnicity also looks at length of sentences and recidivism rates

Answer 25

Not all crimes are punished with a custodial sentence middle class criminals are more likely to get a fine or suspended sentence this can lead to court records being biased towards the wc

Answer 26

Complied using the court records of which cases are taken to prosecution they include info about the defendant, victims and types of crime as well as the result of the case

Answer 27

Only records crimes that are taken to court

Answer 28

Part of the British crime survey 50000 people are asked if they were a victim of crime in the past 12 months

Answer 29

People don’t always know if they’re a victim of a crime Relies on memory

Answer 30

These are the statistics complied based on the reports filed by the police these are crimes which are investigated by the police they may not end in a conviction or court case

Answer 31

Not all crimes that are reported to the police are recorded by the police

Answer 32

1930-1950 gradual rise in crime end of war resturing solider feeling frustrated 1950-1980 steeper rise in crime time of economic growth and social anomie 1980-mid1990 rapid increase time of economic recession which lead to higher relative deprivation Mid1990-2016 gradual annual decline could be due to the changes in the reporting

Answer 33

Functionalists accept official statistics at face value as they see them as reliable and valid sources of data

Answer 34

See statistics as a social construction and only useful for identifying stereotypes and assumptions

Answer 35

Show a biased view on crime as they are constructed by the roiling class they also ignore white collar crimes which suggests criminals are wc

Answer 36

Statistics under represent the extent of female crime and crimes against women such as domestic violence and rape

Answer 37

Statistics are broadly correct but they under represent white collar crimes and exaggerate wc crime particularly those by ethnic minorities

Answer 38

Embarassment Fear Don’t know they are a victim of crime

Answer 39

Not all crimes are entered into official figures Status of the victim Work relations

Answer 40

Property offences, shoplifting, fraud especially benefits and prostitution These are all non violent crimes unlike men ones

Answer 41

Violent crimes,assault,sexual offences,white collar and corporate crime Women have less opportunity to commit corporate crime as they usually have less senior positions

Answer 42

Pollack says that it isn’t that women commit less crime than men it is that they are less likely to be charged or convicted of the crime due to the cJS being made up mostly of men who are brought up to be lieniant towards them

Answer 43

There are now more women in the CJS which disregards the chivalry thesis Women may get treated more leniently as their crimes tend to be less serious Women face double deviancy (women should uphold the standard steryotype and when they don’t they get harsher sentences) in the CJS especially when their crimes go against traditional gender norms

Answer 44

-less detectable offences -sex role theory -control theory -class and gender deals -socialisation

Answer 45

Women tend to commit less detectable crime then men such as shoplifting and petty theft even when men shoplift they tend to select bigger more detectable items than women

Answer 46

Parsons- females commit less crime then men due to the socialisation that they receive as children and their access to adult role models. Boys have less access to adult role models in the home so are more likely to turn to male gangs for masculine identity

Answer 47

Walklate- makes a biological assumption about the roles of men and women it assumes that women are the more nurturing due to childbearing and therefore find their role models in their mothers

Answer 48

Heidensohn- women commit less crime than men due to the amount of patriarchal control women are subjected to this control is in the home workplace and public arenas which mean that women have less opportunities to commit crime

Answer 49

Patriarchal control can push people into crime rather than preventing it Equal opportunities could be reducing patriarchal control

Answer 50

Carlen- class deal- material rewards for being in paid work which enable women to purchase consumer goods Gender deal-conforming to traditional roles of wife and mother and gains emotional rewards and male support Not all women are able to access these rewards so they may turn to crime in order

Answer 51

Sample in the original study making it hard to generalise to all women Outdated Suggests that women are influenced by external factors which underplays the role of free will

Answer 52

Women are socialised into being the ‘’guardians of domestic morality’’ and therefore risk more social exclusion then men if they are to commit crime therefore women face a double jeopardy of being condemned twice once for committing the crime and once for behaving in an unfeminine way (double deviancy)

Answer 53

Freda Adler- as women have become more liberated from patriarchal control there will be an increase in the levels of female crime as well as an increase in the seriousness of those crimes. This is due to greater self confidence and assertiveness in women as well as greater opportunity

Answer 54

Crime rates in women started growing in the 1950s before the liberation movement. A majority of female criminals are wc so less likely to be influenced by liberation movement Chesney-Lind women branching into male crimes is linked to female crimes

Answer 55

Women are more likely to be living under the poverty line which can force then into criminal activity in order to make ends meet.

Answer 56

Not all women who live below the poverty line turn to crime to support their family Doesn’t explain non utilitarian crime

Answer 57

Messerschmidt-men commit crime in order to show their masculinity and prove that they are men. He clarifies between hegemonic and subordinate masculinity.

Answer 58

Could be considered a description of offenders rather than an explanation Not all men commit crime to accomplish masculinity

Answer 59

Men are often stereotyped as being more violent than women which can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy on how they should behave additionally men are labelled as providers for the family and may turn to crime in order to do this

Answer 60

Not all men are criminals Rise of the symmetrical family and women in the world of work means that men are no longer seen as the sole providers for family

Answer 61

Men have more opportunity to commit crime both blue collar and white collar crime. Men are more likely to be in situations that can lead to violent action and have access to commit white collar crime

Answer 62

It doesn’t explain why men commit crimes they do and not all men commit crime

Answer 63

More wc than mc or the upper class

Answer 64

Working class- street crimes e.g theft assault and shoplifting Middle class- more white collar crimes, corporate crime and cyber crime

Answer 65

The police force and criminal jstucie system treat the wc and the mc differently mc are to get a slap on the wrist as they are seen as having made a mistake where are the wc are more likely to be arrested for the same crime also many corporate crimes aren’t investaigetd or prosecuted by the criminal justice system Could link to chambliss

Answer 66

Those who create the law are often the middle and upper classes this means that they are able to manipulate the law into benefiting their own needs and will know ways to manipulate the law for their benefit Could link to snider

Answer 67

The wc are often labelled as being more crimogenic and therefore the criminal justice system sees them as making conscious choices to commit crime where as middle class are seen as making a mistake or unintentionally committing a crime Could be linked to cicourel typification and labelling

Answer 68

-strain theory -control theory -crimogenic capitalism -labelling theory -rational choice/ opportunity -edge work/masculinity

Answer 69

Reiner- explains working class crime by using Merton strain theory but also explains middle class crime and white collar crime by suggesting that there is no limit to success financial or material so even those who appear successful can feel strain Link- felt poverty feel jealous of other people who are richer

Answer 70

Murray- the underclass is responsible for the majority of street crime Hirschi suggests that the underclass are more likely to lack impulse control and bonds to the community which prevent them from committing crime- not intergrated in community

Answer 71

Gordon- capitalism not only encourages the working class to be criminal by creating a culture of envy and hostility. They commit utilitarian crime to survive in a capitalists system and commit non utilitarian crime to vent frustration at being oppressed. Middle class crime can be explained as capitalism encourages those who are rich to enrich themselves further.

Answer 72

Becker- the wc are unfairly tattered by the CJS they are less likely to be able to negotiate the system to their advantage the police tend to patrol working class areas more which results in the wc crime statistics be in higher than middle class

Answer 73

The mc have more opportunity to commit white collar crime and corporate crime they hold the positions within the company which gives them the access required to commit this type of crime e.g. NHS force prescription senior staff have more autonomy

Answer 74

Messerscmidt- middle class men who engage in white collar crime may do so to show off their masculinity Katz- also suggests that engaging in white collar cime can also link to the idea of edge work and the feeling of excitement and adrenaline the acts may give e.g madoff

Answer 75

Myth of black criminality- stereotyping police forces on ethnic minorities and therefore are more likely to be stopped and searched or arrested compared to the white majority

Answer 76

Certain areas are more densely populated with ethnic minorities which explains higher stop and search statistics. Additionally ethnic minorities tend to live in the zones of transition where crime rates are much higher due to the lack of social cohesion

Answer 77

Police offficers in themselves aren’t racists but when together they can reinforce stereotypes which are then acted on duty

Answer 78

Young people regardless of their ethnicity commit crime because they aren’t committed, attached, involved and belief. Asian families have stricter control which could explain the low crime rates in Asian communities

Answer 79

Ethnic minorities suffer from marginalisation and relative deprivation which can lead to higher rates of criminality

Answer 80

1) lack of father figure a lot of single mothers amongst black families which mean they look for role models in gangs 2)negative experiences of white culture- black boys are disaffected by their experiences of school,policing and employer racism 3)media hip hop and rap believe status can be achieved in two ways: -acquisition of status symbol designer clothing and jewellery -construction of hyper masculinity based on violence and sexual conquest

Answer 81

Targeting could be caused by moral panics such as the black mugggers in the 1970s and therefore based on actual criminality. Can cause a chicken and egg scenario where the targeting leads to higher ethnic minority criminality which leads to more targeting

Answer 82

This maybe the case for first gen immigrants but many ethnic minorities have moved out of the zone of transition after 1 or 2 generations and tend to assimilate into the majority culture

Answer 83

Since the publication of the McPherson report the police force has been actively changing policies to deal with institutional racism,and recruiting more officers from ethnic minorities however the crime rates amongst ethnic minorities has not decreased

Answer 84

Black people make up 3% of the population but 13% of the prison population Asian people make up 6% of the population but 7% of prison

Answer 85

BAME groups contain a disproportionate number of young people compared to the white ethnic majority explains why there is higher ethnic minority criminality as young people are more likely to commit crimes However there is statistical illusion so it’s impossible to determine if its the age of the offenders that causes the higher rates or their ethnicity

Answer 86

White collar crime, corporate crime and cyber crime

Answer 87

Street crimes such as theft, assault and shoplifting

Answer 88

Criminals: super villain,stupid,psychopaths,rational/planner Victims: female victims=helpless Male victims=vigilante Ethnic majority Police: super intelligent,bumbling idiots, always get the bad guy

Answer 89

Criminals:underclass,ethnic minorities,young,men Victims: missing whites women syndrome,selective reporting Police:corrupt,brutality,racists, incompetent

Answer 90

-the immediacy of the story -dramatisation-action and excitement -personalisation-human interest -higher status of the focus of the story -simplification-black and white, no shades of grey -novelty/unexpectedness -risk-victim centred stories about vulnerability and fear -violence-visual and spectacular acts

Answer 91

They see media reporting of crime as increasingly driven by the need for a spectacle (key value of dramatisation) spectacles are engaging because audiences become both repelled by activities but fascinated at the same time

Answer 92

Media coverage of crime is increasingly a mixture of entertainment and sensationalism leading to what postman refers to as infotainment

Answer 93

Law of opposites- the media shows the direct opposite of official statistic. For example the media focuses on murders and violent crime when most crimes in the uk are property based crimes. The media also shows victims to be female when statistics show that young men aged 19-24 are more likely to be a victim of crime

Answer 94

In reporting crime the media helps to keep social solidarity. Crime reported tend to reflect the things people are most concerned about and most want to see reported,thus they create demand which is met by the media. Different forms of media report different crimes in different ways, they’re not all dominated by a single ideology or small groups of owners pushing the same agenda

Answer 95

The reporting of crime reflects the ideology of the ruiling class,meaning: The crimes of the ruling class or those at the higher end of society are under reported. The media’s emphasis on sexual and violent crimes means less importance is attached to some very large and serious white collar crimes and corporate crimes which rarely get reported Crimes of the working class are over reported the reporting of crime is used as a way of maintaining control over powerless groups

Answer 96

Crime reporting reinforces the steryotyping and oppression of women. Women are portrayed as victims Under reporting of violence against women, especially domestic violence. They are highly critical of reporting of sex crimes against women as way to provide entertainment

Answer 97

The media is a social construction as is crime Interpretivists look at the labels attached to people who are determined to be deviant and see the media as a moral entrepreneur which determines who are deviant and who aren’t .

Answer 98

Media creates reality- people have no understanding of crime only the representations of crime they experience through the mass media

Answer 99

Suggests that media audiences are passive recipients of the messages from the media and that these messages without critical thought. It argues that these messages are acted upon mindlessly by audiences.

Answer 100

The idea that people will act out the crimes and the violence that they view via the media, for example the college student who acted out scenes from GTA

Answer 101

Watching crime shows and the news can help criminals to hone their skills and learn how to be less detectable in their crime. It can also show them how to commit a crime

Answer 102

The increased adrenaline and endorphins leads to people engaging in risky and criminal behaviour, for example the increase in traffic crimes on opening weekends of the fast and furious films

Answer 103

Watching violence in the media can lead to the lowering of peoples level for shock and value meaning that they no longer are horrified by it and can be more likely to commit the act themselves

Answer 104

Links to the left realism and strain theory the idea that the media provides unobtainable ideas of lifestyles do the rich and famous which can lead to people commit crime to achieve these lifestyles -e..g made in Chelsea

Answer 105

Tv shows such as sopranos and marcos provide a glamorised view of the criminal lifestyle which can lead to epoeple wanting to emulate it and be involved.

Answer 106

Means that the type of victim that is likely to make the news cycle or the media is a white middle class women as she will fit the stereotype of what they want a victim to be

Answer 107

Is an instance of public anxiety or alarm in response to a problem regarded as threatening the moral standards of society

Answer 108

Media causes a fear of being a victim of crime Spend more time at home Consume more media Generates more fear of crime

Answer 109

-black mugging 1970s HIV AND AIDS 1980 Video nasties 1990 Guns 2000 Islamic terrorism-2000s Knife crime- current

Answer 110

-frequency (the frequency of moral panic has increased they are no longer noteworthy ) -context (in the past moral panics would scapegoat a group and create folk devils today there are many viewpoints and values in society -reflexivity (because the concept of moral panic is welll known some groups actually try to create one from their own benefit ) -difficulty (because there is less certainty about what is unambiguously bad today moral panics are harder to start -rebound (people are wary about starting moral panics as there is the possibility of it rebounding on them e.g. john majors family values campaign

Answer 111

States that the globalisation of crime is the growing interconnectedness of crime across national borders,sometimes referred to as the transnational organised crime

Answer 112

Argues that there is now a global criminal economy of over 1 trillion per annum

Answer 113

-drug trade -human trafficking -financial crimes -cyber crime -transnational organised crime -terrorism

Answer 114

The global drugs trade is now worth over 300 billion per year Drugs are often cultivated in thrid world countries such as Colombia, Peru and Afghanistan which have large improverished populations so drugs is an attractive trade as it requires little investment but commands high prices especially in the western world

Answer 115

Can include the trafficking of women and children as well as illegal immigrants ad human body parts it is estimated the over 2000 organs per year are trafficked from condemned or executed criminals women and children are often trafficked for sex trade or slavery it is estimated that over half a million people are trafficked to Western Europe annually

Answer 116

Such as money laundering have become much easier with the relaxing of international banking laws meaning that people are able to move money between offshore accounts much easier or to haven countries where national laws do not allow law enforcement to access to accounts

Answer 117

Cyber crime has developed out of the growth in technology and take a number of forms including cyber fraud, cyber theft,cyber terrorism and cyber violence it is a transnational crime as the hacker can be in one country whilst hacking a system in another country

Answer 118

There has been a growth in organised crime networks based on economic links glenny calls these mcmafia which developed from the deregulation of global markets and the fall of the Soviet Union additionally the old school mafias such as the Italian mafia and the triads began to disperse around the world especially in places like the USA

Answer 119

Technological and communication advancements have made international terrorism easier as groups are able to communicate with members all over the world and cultivate in state members through online radicalisation

Answer 120

-individualism -opportunities -disorganised capitalism -risk society -problem with policing -more inequality

Answer 121

Growing individualism and consumer culture means that individuals are left to weigh the costs and benefit of their decisions and choose the best course to bring them the highest rewards this can lead to people taking part in criminal activities in order to achieve the consumer lifestyle which is otherwise unobtainable

Answer 122

Growing globalisation technological advancements and communications has led to newer types of crime as well as new ways in which to carry out crime in particular places like the dark web which allow criminals to communicate and conduct crimes whilst undetected additionally crimes can be committed in one nation whilst the criminal is in a different country

Answer 123

Increased deregulation and fewer state controls over business and finance corporations now act transnationally moving money, manufacturing, waste disposal and staff around the world to increase profits and lower regulation Taylor said this has led to greater job insecurity, less social cohesion and fewer job opportunities in the west which can increase crime rates

Answer 124

Growing instability in the globalised world has led to people being more risk conscious the causes of the risks are often global in nature which can make it hard to pinpoint who is responsible and the media can play on this fear these fears can lead to hate crimes and racially motivated crimes

Answer 125

Due to crimes becoming transnational it requires corporations between many different law enforcement agencies to bring the criminals to justice additionally what maybe illegal in one country is not in another and if the criminal is one country and the victim in another it can be difficult to determine jurisdiction

Answer 126

Globalisation creates new patterns of inequality the winners from the process are the rich financial investors and transnational corporations where the losers are the workers. The disadvantaged in both the developing and developed world are faced with greater insecurity and greater relative deprivation which then feeds criminal behaviour

Answer 127

Looking at the wider definitions of crime such as the harm that the crimes cause not just the breaking of state laws

Answer 128

Harm to the environment from the perspective of humanity. Pollution is a problem because it damages human water supply or causes diseases that are expensive to overcome climate change is a problem because of its impact on people and the economic cost of dealing with it

Answer 129

Harm to any aspect of the environment as harm to all of it therefore crimes like animal cruelty or the destruction of habitats are green crimes regardless of whether or not there is any specific human cost

Answer 130

Environmental crimes are global crimes and a crime in one geographical location can have a knock on effects across the planet

Answer 131

Because an act can be done in one geographical location and not be considered a crime but have an affect on another geographical area where the act is a crime additionally it can be difficult to identify who is to blame for the crime

Answer 132

Traditional criminology Transgressive criminology

Answer 133

Define green crime as an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law of a state or nation in a similar way to other crime traditional criminology looks at patterns and causes of law breaking this definition of green crime would not consider global warming or acid rain as a crime as they don’t break any law

Answer 134

Transgressive criminology looks more at the harm that certain acts cause in order to determine criminality. White argues that green crime is any action that harms the physical environment and or human/non human animals within it even if no law has been broken

Answer 135

Beck 1992- argues that in todays society we can now provide resources for all in the developing world and yet the massive increase in technology creates new manufactured risks which cause harm to the environment and have consequences for humans. For example the green house gasses caused by manufacturing has led to global warming which is global in nature rather than local

Answer 136

Type 1: primary green crime Type 2:secondary green crime

Answer 137

Crime that are the direct result of destruction and degradation of the earths resources. E.g. air pollution, deforestation, species decline, animal abuse, water pollution

Answer 138

Crimes that result out of the flouting of rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disorders E.g. state violence against environmental groups, hazardous waste and organised crime, environmental discrimination

Answer 139

Those in the developing world, poor and ethnic minorities are much more likely to be victims of environmental crime due to inability to move from the areas where toxic dumping takes place. E..g Naples

Answer 140

-individuals (their acts may not have immediate impact but soon add up to large impacts e.g. littering ) -businesses (environmental crime is a typical form of corporate crime,large corporations are responsible for the majority of the water,air and land pollution due to waste dumping and health and safety breaches) -govs(Santana 2002 points out that the military are the biggest institutional polluter through unexploded bombs and lasting effects of toxic chemicals) -organised cirme (gov contracts for waste disposal e.g. Naples)

Answer 141

-its difficult to study green crime as there isn’t an agreed definition -its also difficult to assess the impact of green crime as it can be a long term impact -much of the research is based on case studies -green crime can be accompanied by greater value judgements due to a lack of agreed definitions

Answer 142

Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies

Answer 143

-domestic law -zemiology -international law -human rights

Answer 144

Acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials. In pursuit of the jobs as representiveness of the state E.g. mps expenses

Answer 145

State crime includes illegal acts but also legally permissible acts whose consequences are similar to those of illegal acts in the harm that they cause

Answer 146

State crime is an action by or on behalf of a state that violates international law and/ or a states own domestic law

Answer 147

State crime should be a defend as a violation of peoples basic human rights by the state and their agents

Answer 148

-political crimes (censorship or corruption ) -crimes by security,military and police (genocide,torture,imprisonment without trail and disappearance of dissidents) -economic crimes (official violations of health and safety laws, economic policies which cause harm to the population ) -social and cultural crimes (insititutional racism, destruction of native cultures and heritage )

Answer 149

According to the corruption index put together by transparency international there seems to be a correlation between corruption, war and conflict and poverty- Somalia. North Korea, Sudan, Afghanistan and Iraq come out bottom of the corruption index while the usual suspects the Scandinavian countries plus Canada come out as the least corrupt.

Answer 150

Genocide- rowanda 1994 (Hutus against Tutsi,Cambodia 1970 (khmer rouge), Bosnia Herzegovina 1990s (Bosnian Serbs against Bosnia Muslims) IWT-Guantanamo bay DOD- china,Russia,Saudi Arabia Rummel calculated that from 1900-1987 over 169 million people had been murdered by gov excluding death during war

Answer 151

Chernobyl disaster

Answer 152

Police force targeting certain groups in society, ethnocentric curriculum ignore certain groups history

Answer 153

ISIS destruction of churches and shrines in mosul USA destruction of native Indian sites and lands

Answer 154

States are large and powerful entities, they can cause large and powerful,often widespread For instance, in Cambodia between 1975 and 1978 the Khmer Rouge gov killed up to 1/5 of the entire population

Answer 155

States have the power to conceal their crimes and make them harder to detect, and change the law to benefit their deviance. The concept of national sovereignty means that it is difficult for international bodies to intervene

Answer 156

Stage 1- it didn’t happen Stage 2-if it did happen it is something else Stage 3-even if it is what you say it is it’s justified

Answer 157

Justification of the act through: -denial of the victim -denial of injury -denial of responsibility -condemning the condermners -appeal to higher loyalty

Answer 158

This theory suggests state crime arises from similar circumstances to those of other crimes, like street crime. Intergrating three factors and how these factors interact generate state crimes: Motivation,opportunity and lack of controls

Answer 159

Suggest it is certain features of modern society that made the state crimes possible 1.a division of labour: each person is responsible for one task so no one is fully responsible 2.bureaucreatisation: normalisation of the act by making it repetitive and routine. Dehumanisation of victim 3.instrumental rationality: rational and efficient methods to achieve a goal regardless of the goal itself 4. Science and technology:scientific and technological knowledge to justify the means and the motive

Answer 160

Unlike citizen crime, state crimes tend to be crimes of obedience rather than deviance Kelman and Hamilton: 1.authorisation: acts are approved of by those in power. Normal moral principals are replaced by duty to obey 2.routinisation: turn the act into a routine behaviour so it can be performed in a detached manner 3.dehumanisation: the victims are portrayed as sub human so normal mortality doesn’t apply

Answer 161

Target hardening through bars and bolts on windows, alarm systems, park benches that prevent homeless sleepers More cctv more police on the streets Hostile architecture

Answer 162

-pearse 2002 “bars,bolts and barriers” -hostile architecture -Marcus Felson 1998: nyc part authority bus terminal -Cornish and Clarke 2003-notices

Answer 163

-displacement theory-doesn’t reduce crime but moves it to a different area -doesnt deal with corporate or white collar cirme -unfairly targets the working class who can’t afford the target gardening system

Answer 164

Pre emptive approach that aims to make it harder to commit crime in the first place by designing out crime

Answer 165

By improving the local area and dealing with low level criminal activity such as vandalism,graffiti and loitering

Answer 166

Zero tolerance policing- swear the small stuff and deal with small petty crimes which will prevent the movement into more serious crimes

Answer 167

Wilson and kelling- broken window policy

Answer 168

-deal with the symptom not the cause -targets wc people and street crime rather than corporate or white collar cirme -displacement theory doesn't reduce

Answer 169

Left realists approach which suggest that be dealing with the social inequalities that lead to crime then it will reduce the crime rate. They believe that it is social inequality that is the biggest cause of crime

Answer 170

Youth groups and community centre which will help to create a sense of community. Parenting groups to help with socialisation. Increasing community police officers and the bobby on the beat to improve community relations with the police which will help cries to be solved

Answer 171

-community action programs: prey pre school program -intervention programs: troubled families program

Answer 172

-assumes a value consensus within a community and ignores issues such as relative deprivation and institutional racism which can limit the effectiveness of community and social policies -doesnt deal with corporate or white collar cirme

Answer 173

-deterrence -public protection -retribution -rehabilitation

Answer 174

-oversees the police -the home office protects the public from terror,crime and anti social behaviour -it helps build the security, justice and respect that enable people to prosper in a free and tolerant society -the department is responsible for crime and crime reduction,policing,security and counter terrorism

Answer 175

-oversees the CPS the serious fraud office the revenue and customs prosecutions office -they are responsible for ensuring the rule of law is upheld -the AG also take action to appeal unduly lenient sentences and bringing proceedings under the contempt of court act

Answer 176

-oversees the magistrates court, the crown court, the appeals court , the legal services commission and the NOMS -the ministry of justice manages the justice process from end to end -the ministry is responsible for criminal law and sentencing policy for legal aid reducing reoffending and for prisons and probation

Answer 177

Functionalists see the criminal justice system as a vital institution within the society. It works with other social institutions to ensure social solidarity and cohesion by maintaining the law and order

Answer 178

Marxists see the criminal justice system as part of the repressive state apparatus and used by the ruiling class to maintain their power through oppression whilst appearing to be legitimate

Answer 179

Marxists see the criminal justice system as part of the repressive state apparatus and used by the ruiling class to maintain their power through oppression whilst appearing to be legitimate

Answer 180

Feminsts see the criminal justice system as a tool of the patriarchy to maintain their power. This is done through the fact that most members of the CJS are men and women face double victimisation and double deviancy at their hands

Answer 181

1. Rehabilitation, deterrence 2.restorative justice -to force criminals to make amends to the victims they have harmed 3.protection of society- prison makes it so they can’t harm others 4.boundary maintenance -to reinforce the social norms and values and remind poeple of what is acceptable 5.retribution- because the criminals deserve to be punished for their crimes

Answer 182

Society can only exist if there is a shared system of values that tie a society together morally. Laws are a representation of this collective conscious. Durkeheim suggest that retribution gives people an outlet for anger and reaffirms collective consciousness

Answer 183

Laws area reflection of ruiling class ideology and punishment is part of the repressive state apparatus Althusser which keeps people in line and in their place

Answer 184

Only the state has the power to punish offenders, not the church or landowners as in the past legal rational authority meaning punishment is based on impersonal rules and regulations set out by a vast bureaucracy and set of checks and balances

Answer 185

Sovereign power- public forms of punishment and physical punishment were forms of showing power by monarchs rather than deterring criminal behaviour To disciplinary power- decline in sovereign power and new forms of state power moved punishment to disciplinary power which includes surveillance and monitoring

Answer 186

Garland argues that in the 1950s the state practised penal welfarism in which the CJS didn’t just try to catch and punish offenders but also tried to rehabilitate them so that they could be reintergrated into society Garland argues that we have now moved into a new era in which a punitive state enforces a culture of control there are three main ways in which the state now seeks to control crime and punish offenders : -actuaralism -mass incarceration and transcarcertion -politicians increasingly use the issue of crime control and being tough on crime as a means to win election

Answer 187

Punishment changes as economic need changes they see the change in punishment from the physical punishments to transportation and now with cheap prison labour this reflects the changing economic needs of the dominate class brutality rose when population was plentiful land declines as labour forces declined

Answer 188

Everyone watched everyone else

Answer 189

Politicians fear media surveillance which may uncover damaging info on them widespread camera ownership allows citizens to control the controllers- filming police wrongdoing

Answer 190

All the ways that are monitored from number plate recognition,store cards to cctv means that we are constantly monitored and aware of that monitoring also refers to your digital footprint that can be used to infringe your civil liberties as well as protect you .

Answer 191

A prison deign where the prisoner has their own cell which is visible to the guards from a central position however the guards aren’t visible to the prisoners this means that the prionsers behave as they never know if they are being watched or not

Answer 192

People monitoring themselves and their behaviour due to the fear of being judged by others this is particularly prominent in new mothers who fear being judged as a bad mother

Answer 193

Modern society and technology has reached the point where our lives are quite transparent and there is a lack of privacy our every move is monitored but it has become so routine that we no longer notice it or consider it consciously

Answer 194

Societies which don’t use physical punishments to control its people but control the mind through surveillance this has also led to a carceral culture (prison like) where the disciplinary power has moved to other areas of society beyond the CJS such as teacher,social worker and psychiatrists who monitor the population

Answer 195

Everyone is watching everyone else through the power of the media and social media this can be through camera and dashcams and social media this leads to greater self surveillance this items have also allowed for society to exercise some control over the controller such as filming police doing wrong

Answer 196

New tech of power not interested in rehabilitation but in preventing offending through the use of similar algorithms to insurance actuaries. Airports use this to determine who to stop and search based on risk factors and profiling it identifies and classify groups based on percieved levels of dangerousness

Answer 197

It’s not just the thought of being watch but the knowledge that we are actually being monitored which controls our behaviour liquid surveillance means that we are constantly being monitored from where we drive to what we buy

Answer 198

CCTV is as much a protection as an erosion of civil liberties given access to Kilburn custody suites for 18m say that cctv could be used by defence lawyers as much as prosecution can also be used to protect law enforcement against claims of brutality

Answer 199

CCTV is as much a protection as an erosion of civil liberties given access to Kilburn custody suites for 18m say that cctv could be used by defence lawyers as much as prosecution can also be used to protect law enforcement against claims of brutality

Answer 200

CCTV is as much a protection as an erosion of civil liberties given access to Kilburn custody suites for 18m say that cctv could be used by defence lawyers as much as prosecution can also be used to protect law enforcement against claims of brutality

Answer 201

Helps reduce the fear of crime -people feel less of a fear of being a victim of crime when they are aware of cctv and other surveillance systems as they believe that there is a greater chance of the perpetrator being caught so they are less likely to commit crime Helps to fight against terrorism -using data mining and social media monitoring links are able to be made between disparate terrorist groups Provides evidence -both for the prosecution and the defence

Answer 202

Oppressive form of social control -a few watching the many allows for the ruling class to shape the behaviour of the wc Limited evidence that is changes behaviour -Norris found that although cctv reduced crime in car parks it did little to reduce other sorts of crime -loveday and gill burglars shoplifters and fraudsters were not put off by cctv Erosion of civil liberties -every action we take is monitored there is no such thing as privacy and our actions can be used against us at any time

Answer 203

In recent years victims are see as consumers of the cjs and the CJS is judged by its ability to meet the needs of the victims through the use of victim surveys victim support services Since 2013 victims of ASB and low level crime could have their say on out of court punishment by selecting from a list Growing recognition that the CJS need victims to come forward and have confidence in the cjs in order to be able to punish criminals

Answer 204

Adopted by all police forces in the England and wales and gave priority to the victims recollection of the crime rather than the police interpretation of the evidence

Answer 205

Those that have the least power most deprived and have the least material possessions are the most likely to be victims of crime and are also the most likely to be the ones committing the crimes

Answer 206

-weak -innocent -blameless -female -elderly

Answer 207

-male -19-28 -ethnic minority

Answer 208

Working class and underclass people are more likely to be a victim of crime although middle class are more likely to fear being a victim of crime This is partly due to the areas in which lower working class live

Answer 209

Infants are most likely to be victims of muderers Teens are most likely to be victims of theft,violent crime and sexual crimes The elderly are the most likely to be victims of abuse

Answer 210

Men are more likely to be victims of violent crime and theft 70% of homicide victims are male Women are more likely to be victims of sexual crimes domestic violence and trafficking

Answer 211

Ethnic minorities are more at risk of being victims of crime especially those of mixed ethnicity The home office estimates 106,000 hate crimes per year = 300 per day

Answer 212

Hoyle identifies 12 reactions to being a victim of crime victims may feel some or all of these emotions which can have a negative effect on their lives reactions include:sleeplessness,far or revictimisation, ptsd, shock,anxiety, poor health

Answer 213

Walklate talks about double victimisation which can occur during the trail this is because the defence team will be looking at ways of discreaditing the victim or ways to blame the victim for their own victimisation

Answer 214

Many people who are victims of crime become much more fearful of being a victim again in the future this can impact their behaviour and their lifestyle

Answer 215

Victim proneness- identifies characteristics which make someone more likely to be a victim of crime Victim precipitation- how victims have been actively involved in the crime or brought the crime upon themselves

Answer 216

Developed a typology of victims based on the degree to which victims contributed to causing the criminal act 13 characteristics of victims included the young,female,old,immigrants,depressed,wanton,tormentor,blocked,exempted or fighting

Answer 217

Social structures as a cause victimisation

Answer 218

Hierarchy of victimisation-safety crimes passed of as clumsy workers

Crime And Deviance Flashcards

(242 cards)