Crime And Deviance Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is crime?
A
Actions that break the law as they are disturbing to citizens and disruptive to society.
2
Q
What is deviance?
A
Behaviour that goes against social norms and values and are seen as inappropriate and unacceptable.
3
Q
What is social order?
A
When citizens follow shared norms and values and are well integrated in society.
4
Q
What is social control?
A
Regulating the behaviour of citizens in society so they conform to laws and rules. They could be formal or informal.
5
Q
What is police recorded crime?
A
These are crime statistics collected in England and Wales from over 43 police forces, collated by the Home Office. It includes crime reported by the public then recorded to give an official account of the volume of of crime. There has been a 7% increase in police recorded crime from December 2014-2015 and an 11% increase in homicides recorded by the police in December 2015.
6
Q
What is the dark figure of crime?
A
This is unreported or unrecorded crime that do not appear in police recorded crime so it doesn’t represent the full volume of crime. Crimes need to be serious enough to gain attention. They can’t be too trivial and there needs to be enough evidence. Different police forces have different police officers with a different outlook on things. This may lead to cuffing, coughing, skewing and police discretion.
7
Q
What is coughing?
A
This is when the offender is made to confess for a lesser sentence.
8
Q
What is cuffing?
A
These are crimes reported but then removed because of corruption or errors.
9
Q
What is skewing?
A
This is when police forces put resources in some areas but not others.
10
Q
What is police discretion?
A
This is corruption like not recording data, stereotyping, misrecording or prioritising other things.
11
Q
Advantages of police recorded crime. (2)
- cheap
- quantitative
A
- it is cheap, readily available, reported annually, immense, large and up to date.
- quantitative data is easily compared and patterns and trends can be identified over time.
12
Q
Disadvantage of police recorded crime. (1)
- victims
A
- victims may not want to record their crime. The station may be too far, they may want to take the law into their own hands, they may feel the police won’t do anything or they may find it embarrassing.
13
Q
What is the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW)?
A
This doesn’t include some crimes like theft from businesses and shops, fraud, possession of drugs, sexual crimes, prostitution and murder. It focuses on victim profiling, the circumstances of the incident, the behaviour of the offender to estimate the extent to domestic violence, stalking and sexual attacks. It suggests that crime depends on gender, age, geographical location and social activities. For example, young males, living in poor areas, who go out more than 3 times a week are more likely to be a victim of a violent offender. It has also found that 50% of females who have been raped states that it was done by someone they knew extremely well and 29% said it was someone they knew relatively well. 50% of all rape incidents are repeat offences by the same attacker. Repeat victimisation does occur. Multiple victimisation also occurs where one person experiences more than one crime within previous years.
14
Q
Advantage of the CSEW. (1)
- 75%
A
- there is a 75% response rate so the sociologist can get a full picture of victimisation
15
Q
Disadvantages of the CSEW. (2)
- types
- telescoping
A
- not all types of crime are included like murder, white collar crimes, corporate crime, rape and victimless crimes like shoplifting. Therefore it is unrepresentative.
- it relies on memory. Telescoping is when crimes are remembered as happening soon than they actually did.
16
Q
What is the Islington Crime Survey by Lea and Young?
A
Victims had to state whether they had been a victim of crime, reported they crime or had fears about the crime. The first one was conducted in 1986 in inner city London and the second in 1990 in Islington and Kinsey. Sympathetically conducted interviews found a high rate of female victims. They found that crime had shaped people’s lives. 25% of people avoided going out after dark, 28% felt unsafe in their homes, and elderly white females have a high chance of being robbed. It was also found that high rates of females don’t report sexual or domestic offences to the police.
17
Q
Advantage of the Islington Crime Survey. (1)
- qualitative
A
- qualitative data is rich and detailed and has verstehen.
18
Q
Disadvantages of the Islington Crime Survey. (2)
- desirability
- unrepresentative
A
- it is low in reliability because of the use of qualitative data and social desirability bias.
- it is unrepresentative because it was only conducted in certain areas.
19
Q
What is the Feminist Crime Survey?
A
They collect qualitative data on female victims about crimes committed by males. They use unstructured, in depth interviews to focus on domestic violence and sexual attacks. They are against structured interviews as researcher have an active role and interviewees play a passive role. This gives a distorted and invalid picture of events. It found that most women stayed with their abusers because they relied on them for resources.
20
Q
Advantage of Feminist Surveys. (1)
- unstructured
A
- unstructured interviews collect qualitative data which is very detailed and valid
21
Q
Disadvantages of Feminist Crime Surveys. (2)
- males
- desirability
A
- men are ignored even though they may nor report crimes for reasons similar to this.
- they may find it difficult to remember ideas, social desirability may affect results and they may have repressed their traumatic memories.
22
Q
What are self report studies?
A
They reveal social characteristics and offender profiling and pick up what police recorded crime fails to. They use quantitative questionnaires, which list petty crimes of which offenders have to pick which they have successfully committed and then these are counted. Qualitative unstructured interviews are also used to gain insight. Some are longitudinal. They stress the importance of ethics but age and gender are asked to build profiles. They have found that street crime is usually committed by working class males, males and females do admit to committing crimes and social class doesn’t matter for British males.
23
Q
Advantage of self report studies. (1)
- 80%
A
- 80% of offenders tell the truth so these are more reliable than other forms of official statistics.
24
Q
Disadvantages of self report studies. (2)
- retrospective
- types
A
- it relies on memory so is retrospective data
- not all types of crime are included in the lists like rape and white collar crimes.
25
What is the Farrington and West study?
They looked at self reports to plot the amounts and types of offended. They noted variables and factors. These looked at 400 males born from 1951-1964 and 90% of them had been convicted of at least one offence. As males matured, the offended more. The take off age was 14 and crime decreased by 23. They found that theft, burglary and criminal damage declined by their 20s but others like drug offences, fraud and assault didn’t. The average age of their first convictions were at 17. This predicted low family income, poor housing, and large family sizes.
26
Advantage of Farrington and West. (1)
| - longitudinal
- this was a longitudinal research so patterns and trends over time were examined.
27
Disadvantages of Farrington and West. (2)
- longitudinal
- desirability
- longitudinal research has a high dropout rate making the sample smaller and less representative
- this relies on the offender telling the truth
28
What is the Newburn and Hagel study?
This was commissioned by the Home Office Planning Unit. 531 participants ged 10-16 from London and the Midlands were involved. They had been arrested at least 3 times. 74 were also interviews to investigate reoffending. It was found that they didn’t specialise with crimes. 75% had committed the crime with other people they knew well, 60% has committed the crimes whilst on bail and 33% had committed violent crimes. They also found that drugs were very under recorded by the police too as drugs were used greatly among these participants.
29
Advantage of Newburn and Hagel.(2)
| - pluralism
- quantitative and qualitative data was collected so there is methodological pluralism
30
Disadvantages of Newburn and Hagel. (2)
- unrepresentative
- collar
- it is unrepresentative as it was only conducted in London and the Midlands
- white collar crime is ignored.
31
What is the Saints and Roughnecks study by Chambliss?
He studied 2 high school gangs of boys for two years. The Saints were 8 young white men from the upper class. They were truant from school, drinking, vandalising but none were arrested. They used their status and reputation to get out of lessons and cheat or gain grades. The Roughnecks were 6 boys from the lower class. They were in constant trouble with the police and community and were arrested on several occasions. This suggests that poor, non mobile, tough males are more noticed and arrested but bright males, with a good reputation and discipline are invisible.
32
Advantage of the Saints and Roughnecks. (1)
| - longitudinal
- this is a longitudinal study so patterns and trends can be identified over time.
33
Disadvantages of the Saints and Roughnecks. (2)
- unrepresentative
- girls
- two gangs form the same school were studied so it is unrepresentative.
- Feminists would argue that girls are ignored.
34
What is white collar crime by Croall?
These are committed by people in managerial, high status or respectability jobs who are part of the upper middle class. People may use their financial power to escape prison or conviction. Invisible victims are involved, which are the companies, so they feel confident stealing from them and less guilty. This is usually hard to detect so is unlikely to be reported or recorded. They are usually recorded in victim surveys as companies usually don’t want to publicise these crimes so the public dont realise they are being misled. These do not reach the prosecution stage because these companies have large resources and skilled lawyers and they settle or delay court cases. This is all to avoid companies gaining bad publicity. It is usually caused by greed or a low social status to gain more recognition.
35
Disadvantages of white collar crime by Croall. (3)
- complex
- serious
- powerful
- this type of crime is very complex and technical so the public can not understand it
- Realists believe there is no blood on the streets so it is not a serious crime
- powerful people can define crime so they can change laws easily.
36
What is the Underclass and Murray?
He blames the underclass for a high proportion of crime. They are lazy and cannot hold down jobs. They become dependent on welfare. Single mothers raise young boys without fathers or male role models so they cannot hold down jobs and turn to crime. They have poor impulse control so they become sexual predators. This is because of the over generosity of the welfare state because they rely on them. This also leads to gangs.
37
Disadvantages of Murray and the Underclass. (3)
- exist
- Sweden
- evidence
- Underclass may not exist at all
- Tham compared welfare policies and crime policies in Britain and Sweden. In Sweden there is less inequality, imprisonment and more generous welfare, and there is less crime.
- there is no evidence that single parent families lead to crime but there is evidence of poverty.
38
What is the liberation thesis by Simon and Adler?
There is now an increased opportunity for women to work and commit crimes because of their changing self concept and identity. They looked at international studies from the 60s and found female involvement in traditionally male crimes in USA. There were similar trends in Europe, New Zealand and India. They took on mLe social roles. Equality leads to more crimes being committed as females are becoming more similar to males. They are leaving the domestic sphere and working, leading to more crimes like fraud. They commit more property crimes and less violent crimes because they have less frustrations.
39
Disadvantages of the liberation thesis. (3)
- gap
- Marxists
- poverty
- statistics disagree that equality has been achieved because the gender pay gap still exists.
- Marxists would agree with the mention of white collar crime
- a study on female offenders in 1970 found that there was no link between liberation and criminality but there was a link between poverty and marginalisation and crime.
40
What is the Sex Role Theory by Sunderland?
Males and females are socialised differently. Girls are closely supervised, stay at home and have no opportunity to commit crime. Their mothers are their role models and they stay home and are passive, caring and calm. Men are less controlled, take more risks, are tough, aggressive and have more opportunity to go out as their parents allow them the freedom. Fathers are the role models, they go to work and their mother socialise the boys. If there is a lack of a male role model then this leads to a crisis of identity. This may lead them to joking a street gang. They may reject the femininity of their mothers and pursue the masculinity and become tough and aggressive. So they turn to crime.
41
Advantages of the sex role theory. (2)
- Functionalists
- nature
- Functionalists would agree that each gender has a specific role in society.
- it supports both sides of the nature and nurture debate as it suggests that biological factors aren’t only responsible for what a person becomes.
42
Disadvantage of the sex role theory. (1)
| - Feminists
- this is gender biased because it’s suggests men have freedom and pose but women don’t.
43
What is the social control theory by Hirshi?
This suggests that as a person gets older they are less likely to commit crime. They think about the implications and impact of them and take decisions more seriously. They understand that committing a crime is a rational decision and the costs and benefits have to be weighed up. As a person gets older, they have more costs like a job or reputation and a family. Young people have less strong bonds because they want to loosen their bonds with their parents to gain independence, so they’re are more likely to commit crime.
44
Advantage of the social control theory. (1)
| - stable
- offenders with stable relationships and stable jobs stop offending.
45
Disadvantages of the social control theory. (2)
- collar
- Postmodernists
- white collar crime is ignored
| - Postmodernists believe Crime is spontaneous and opportunistic
46
What is the Lea and Young Subcultural theory?
First people are marginalised. They are pushed to the edge of society and are made to feel excluded and powerless. This leads to feelings of frustration. They relative deprivation happens. This is where they feel more deprived when comparing the,served to others through the media. They feel they have less freedom. Then they form subcultures through shared norms and values and experiences. They develop lifestyles around them and may become deviant.
47
Disadvantages of Lea and Young subcultural theories. (2)
- Marxism
- Interactionist
- Marxists believe they feel this because of lack of opportunities.
- Interactionist believe labelling makes them deviant like hippies.
48
What was the Asian Gangs and Moral Panics study by Alexander?
This was ethnographic research done on young Asian males aged 14-16 in Stoneleigh. There were violent clashes between these males as a response to islamaphobia. Their media image was a myth and highly exaggerated because of the Gulf war (creating hostile attitudes towards the Middle East, a documentary on the concerns of Muslim ghetto culture, news article on Asian gangs and the Bradford riots. However there had only been a few minor incidents between two gangs and these were not based on racial differences. The gangs were based in factors of locality and friendship.
49
Advantages of the Asian Gangs. (2)
- Interactionists
- ethnographic
- it is supported by the labelling theory by Interactionists
| - it is an ethnographic study so it allows us to learn about new cultures.
50
Disadvantage of the Asian Gangs. (1)
| - ethnographic
- it is an ethnographic study so deman characteristics may have occurred.
51
What are the policy studies on institutionalised racism?
This was conducted in 1983 and they found racism in the lower ranks of the police. This affected their work. They used racist language and their attitude was reflected by the general public. The working culture places a heavy emphasis on black people committing crimes. Many openly admitted to their racist beliefs. Stephen Lawrence was a black teenager who was stabbed to death by a group of white boys at a London bus stop.
52
Advantage of the police studies on institutionalised racism. (1)
- issues
- this highlights the discrimination in the criminal justice system. There is an over representation in prisons, stereotyping, stop and search and arresting. This could be a form of labelling.
53
Disadvantage of the policy studies on institutionalised racism. (1)
- all
- police do take racism seriously and are not all racist.
54
What is the Functionalist theory of crime by Emilie Durkheim?
She believes that crime is important. The value consensus is there to prevent anomie. Crime and deviance is a safety valve to let off steam. Prostitution is a safe outlet for sexual tension. This promotes cohesion in society and leads to community policing. Society has a collective conscience towards these events. Society learns the boundaries for what is wrong and what is right.
55
Advantage of Emilie Durkheim. (1)
| - Marxist
- Marxists believe crime is a way for the working class to rebel.
56
Disadvantages of Emilie Durkheim. (2)
- Marxists
- Feminists
- Marxists believe that crime is not needed, it is just a way to control the working class.
- Feminists believe prostitution leads to patriarchy and dominance.
57
What is Morton’s theory about social structure?
He studied the USA in 1930s and the idea of the American Dream. People places a great value on being successful. There was little importance on achieving this success even if it was illegitimate. People may turn to crime. The lower classes should adjust their expectations to a comfortable standard of living. There are 5 types; conformity, innovation, ritualism, rebellion, retreatist and rebellion.
58
What are the 5 types of American Dream according to Merton?
- conformity is accepting the disappointment and position so they continue to dream but don’t commit.
- innovation is rejecting conventional means and adopting illegal means. The working class turn to crime and the middle class bend the rules.
- ritualism is having meaningless jobs, reject goals and become deviant.
- retreatism is dropping out of society, rejecting goals, using drugs, being homeless, which could lead to suicide. This is usually the underclass.
- rebellion is replacing shared goals with alternative, opposing values like terrorism.
59
Disadvantages of Merton. (2)
- lower
- rape
- it ignores whit collar crimes
- it places too much value on monetary rewards. It doesn’t explain crimes that are committed for other reasons, like rape and vandalism.
60
What are Traditional Marxist theories by Althusser and Gordon?
Althusser suggests there is a repressive state apparatus, which is direct, obvious and formal control and can be violent, and there is ideological state apparatus, which are indirect, less obvious and informal. They usually involve the family, media or education. Alienation is cause, which is a sense of powerlessness, lack of control and disconnectedness which leads to exploitation. Capitalism creates a climate of competition and inequality due to the inequality distribution of resources. This promotes greed, individualism, materialism and domination. Gordon believes crime is a rational choice and the capitalist society creates the conditions for this to occur.
61
Disadvantages of tradition Marxists explanations. (3)
- Feminism
- communism
- Functionalist
- Feminists would disagree as it ignores the issue of patriarchy.
- communism is not a solution. Communist governments have fallen in Eastern European countries and Russia.
- Functionalists suggest crime is needed to prevent anomie.
62
What is the Left Realist Square of Crime by Matthews and Young?
This suggests that crime arises at an intersection. There are 4 factors involved. The role of the offender, the role of the victim, the understanding of the publics opinion and informal social control expressed, and the role of the state and the criminal justice system. It emphasises the role of the victims more and rely on victims surveys to find out motives. They recognise the social construction of crime.
63
Advantage of the square of crime. (1)
| - valid
- victim surveys are more valid than police recorded crimes as victims can talk more openly.
64
Disadvantages of the square of crime. (2)
- desirability
- victims
- there may be social desirability bias
| - this focuses on crimes with victims only but not victimless crimes like corporate crimes or shoplifting
65
What is the Right Realist theory of broken windows by Wilson and. Kelling?
This is the idea that environmental deterioration shows that the community doesn’t care about its neighbourhood. It invites anti social and criminal behaviour. Authorities should take more responsibility in improving neighbourhoods. For example, repairing windows, clearing graffiti and removing abandoned cars. A zero tolerance and military style policing is needed, like removing beggars, litter and drugs. Residents should take responsibility for communal spaces like lifts and stairwells.
66
What did Zimbardo do to test the broken windows theory?
He left one car in the Bronx, which had a high crime rate, and one in Palo Alto, which had a low crime rate. The Bronx car was attacked in the first 10 mins and the Palo Alto car remained unattacked. Both were identical. He then smashed the car in Palo Alto with a sledgehammer and it got destroyed within minutes.
67
Disadvantages of the broken windows theory. (3)
- Left
- discrimination
- turnover
- Left Realists would suggest that there is an overemphasis on controlling crime and not the underlying issues.
- zero tolerance policing leads to discrimination like in Hall and Mugging
- this would be difficult to do in inner city areas because of a high turnover of people moving in and out.
68
What is the New Right Libertarians theory of crime?
People are free to act how they want as long as others aren’t harmed. It is the individuals responsibility not to commit crime. If they do the victims should be compensated and the offender should compensate. Some young boys are fatherless so they don’t have a strong male role model. Poverty is not an excuse for crime because of the welfare system. The welfare system stops this responsibility. It should be reduced. It leads to single parenthood, divorce, drug abuse, underage drinking and promiscuity in society to become accepted, which leads to more crime.
69
Advantage of the right libertarian theory. (1)
| - holistic
- it is a holistic theory as it includes ideas of radical criminology and Right realism.
70
Disadvantages of the right libertarians theory. (2)
- collar
- patriarchy
- it ignores whit collar crime
| - it ignored patriarchy in society
71
What is the criminalising girls survival theory by Chesney-Lind?
Women are more closely supervised and likely to be report and experience sexual abuse growing up and running away. They either are returned home by paternalistic authorities or face homelessness. They steal food, money, clothing, use or sell drugs, or turn to prostitution. They act as escaped convicts. Male and female offenders usually belong to single parent families, are poor, have low self control, have a low IQ, have ADHD, or are living in disorganised neighbourhoods.
72
Advantages of the criminalising girls survival theory. (2)
- families
- role
- it focuses on the implications of crime in families
| - it is supported by the sex role theory
73
Disadvantage of criminalising girls survival theory. (1)
| - prevented
- it implies that women are unfairly prevented from committing crime, so it shouldn’t encourage and it blames victims.
74
What is consensual style policing by Lea and Young?
The public lack confidence in the police because they are prejudiced and use a military style of policing. This is zero tolerance and involves stop and searches. This leads to less cooperation. This could be improved by using consensual style policing which relies on trust and cooperation. Police should be friendly and approachable and active citizens that the community trusts and supports. The public are then more likely to provide vital details and information. It relies on a multi agency which is promoting cooperation between agents which improves moral context.
75
Advantages of consensual style policing. (2)
- Functionalists
- Hall
- Functionalists would support this as it ensure social order and value consensus is maintained by making the agents of the community work together.
- military style policing is problematic as it leads to discrimination as seen in the Hall study on mugging.
76
Disadvantage of consensual style policing. (1)
| - undermines
- this type of policing may undermine other policing strategies as the public may give false information that wastes police time.
77
What is restorative justice?
This recognises the square of crime and encourages the offender and victim to take an active role in the criminal justice system. It encourages the offender to take responsibility for their actions and conversation is the central idea. There has been high rates of victim satisfaction and offender accountability. It has reduced reoffending rates. It may be done with the incentive to reduce a custodial sentence or replace it with community service. The victim meets the offender in a controlled setting, the victim explains the impacts of the crimes and the offender considers the reasons.
78
Disadvantages of restorative justice. (3)
- cooperation
- soft
- domestic
- it relies on the cooperation of all parties
- Right Realists would say it is a soft option
- Women’s Aid have stopped the used of this on domestic abuse cases
79
What is the Structural Changed by Jock Young?
Inequality, deprivation and social exclusion is unfair due to the social structure of society. Long term crime prevention and a focus on practical steps is needed to prevent crime. Blocked opportunity lead to crime. Need to remove income inequalities like retries tribute get taxes and increasing minimum wage, giving welfare benefits, increase leisure facilities, raise living standards, reducing unemployment, improving education and training and creating a cohesive society.
80
Advantages of structural changes. (1)
| - windows
- the broken windows theory supports this as it focuses on a structural change
81
Disadvantages of structural changes. (2)
- Marxists
- collar
- Marxists would say that this is a way of trying to control capitalism and it would only last short term.
- these would not work on white collar crimes.
82
What is retributive justice?
Crime has increased over the past 50 years because prisons are too soft. The criminal justice system needs to be harder and more retributive. In USA, some states still have capital punishment which includes hard labour or the death penalty. Here the life sentence is used and counselling is given to those with the life sentence. This however fills up space in prisons and leads to overcrowding. The punishment should fit the crime, so it is murder then the death penalty should be given. Criminals should be excluded from society so they don’t commit crime.
83
Advantage of retributive justice. (1)
| - deterrent
- prison is a good deterrent. If the person knows they are going to get the death penalty for murder then this will stop them.
84
Disadvantages of retributive justice. (2)
- Interactionists
- Functionalists
- interactionists would say that prison involves labelling which leads to a self fulfilling prophecy.
- Functionalists would not agree as this makes it difficult for offenders to reenter society and integrate again.
85
What is green crime?
This is criminal activity which affects the environment.
86
What are the types of green crime by Carrabine and South?
There is primary and secondary green crime. Primary involves crimes that directly inflict hard because of environmental harms. For example water pollution (2.5 million people die from water contamination every year), deforestation (9% of the world tree species are at risk of extinction) and species decline (50 species a day are lost due to poaching and hunting). Secondary green crime are actions committed as a response to the commission of primary green crime. These are illegal and criminalised, like rich countries dumping their toxic waste in poorer countries.
87
Advantage of types of green crime. (1)
| - policies
- this raises awareness to adopt new policies to control green crime, especially during today’s climate change issues.
88
Disadvantages of the types of green crime. (2)
- countries
- criminal
- it is difficult to monitor and control green crime as laws are different in different countries.
- it is difficult to control green crime that isn’t criminal and is just negative.
89
What are manufactured risks by Beck?
Threats are due to manufactured risks. In the pre modern society these risks were outside of our control, like poverty, disease, floods, and earthquakes. In the modern society technology, medicine, mass food production, and science developed to minimise these risks. In the late modern society a demand for economic growth and consumer goods has created manufactured risks. These are global warming, climate change, cancer, obesity and nuclear radiation.
90
Disadvantages of Manufactured risks. (3)
- nuclear
- evidence
- choice
- nuclear energy is good for producing adequate power outputs but they only become threats when nuclear power stations malfunction and let out toxins via pollution.
- green crime is a new idea and the infancy of it means that there is a lack of evidence and studies to support it. It is not a holistic idea and is difficult to compare.
- there is choice in some elements like cancer and obesity but not others and efforts have been made like the sugar tax which came into effect in April 2018.
91
What is the Bhopal Chemical Factory Disaster?
This happened in 1984. There was an explosion because water leaked into storage tanks containing chemicals. The American company Union Carbide invested in India to produce pesticides. Over 30 tonnes of harmful gasses leaked across a large residential site and 100,000 people were affected. This was seriously and permanently damaging to victims that still affected them years later. Allegations were made that Union Carbide had cut safety and maintenance crews because the pesticide was not selling. The site is still contaminated and this is white collar crime.
92
Advantage of the Bhopal Chemical Factory Disaster. (1)
| - awareness
- this has created an awareness for corporate decisions that involve cost benefit analysis going wrong
93
Disadvantages of the Bhopal Chemical Factory Disaster. (2)
- Marxists
- temporal
- Marxists believe this is an act of power. The ruling class shape and define laws to beneficiaries transnational corporations.
- it lacks temporal validity as it happened in 1984.
94
What is human trafficking?
Victims are recruited and human trafficked between countries and regions using deception. They are stripped of their autonomy, freedom of movement and choice. This leads to physical and mental abuse. There are three main types; forced labour, sexual exploitation and harvesting tissue, cells and organs. For example poor Albanian women and girls were sold into prostitution in Britain. Interpol aim to tackle this. There are 190 countries that are members of police forces that join together across countries. This can lead to health risks like HIV and AIDS and mental risks like anxiety, insecurity, and PTSD.
95
Disadvantages of human trafficking. (2)
- Feminists
- dark
- Feminists suggest that this is caused by a patriarchal society where men take advantage of vulnerable women.
- they are well organised, hard to track and don’t appear in crime statistics so they form the dark figure of crime.
96
What is mafia related crime?
They engage in organised crime like protection racketeering, drug trafficking, sex trafficking, piracy, prostitution, fraud and arms trading. This was originally applied to the Sicilian Mafia but new mafias have formed all around the world because of globalisation. Now there is an Italian American Mafia, Japanese Mafia and Russian Mafia too. No one intervenes because of corrupt governments or they are too scared to. The total social and economic costs of organised crime is at least £24 billion per year. Thus causes damage to individuals, communities and businesses.
97
Advantage of Mafia related crime. (1)
| - Functionalists
- Functionalists would agree with the fact that the males in the mafias are taking on the instrumental role.
98
Disadvantages of Mafia related crime. (2)
- dark
- Postmodernists
- we can’t know the true implications because it forms the dark figure of crime.
- Postmodernists would suggest that it has actually gotten worse because technology helps creat new ways to commit crime.
99
What is Castells theory on global organised crime?
It is similar to business networks. They take advantage of globalisation to link up with other criminals in other countries to maximise profits and minimise risks. The crime can be done quickly, easily and cheaply and could remain undetected for long period of time. They start off by basing their management and production in low risk areas that lack regulations. They tend to originate in weak states with corrupt law enforcement. For example in Colombia and Bolivia, local farmers grow the coca plant (cocaine) to bring in more money. They are glocal as they are based locally but make global connections
100
Disadvantages of Castells. (2)
- laws
- globalisation
- the laws are different in different countries so it is difficult to control
- globalisation is good because it also allows different law enforcement agencies to work together like Interpol.
101
What is the study on mugging by Hall?
He studies young Afro Caribbean males and the media’s view on them as muggers. An economic crisis with high unemployment and low wages created unrest, strikes and discontent. Crime was focused on which resulted in tougher policing and more stop and searches. This was happening around the same time as racial tensions that were arising because of a competition for jobs and resources. The idea of the black mugger was used as a scapegoat to distract from other issues in society and the public accepted this because of the threat of mugging.
102
Advantages of Hall and mugging. (3)
- Interactionist
- Marxist
- racism
- Interactionist would support using the labelling theory
- Marxists would support a sty is is the ruling class trying to distract from real problems in society
- this highlights the issue of institutional racism
