Crime studies only

Question 1

What did Dunn and Rock find about deviance ?

Answer 1

They argue that deviance is relative,

Question 2

What did Plummer argue about deviance ?

Answer 2

There are two main types of deviance societal and situational

Question 3

Wilson and Kelling - environmental crime prevention

Answer 3

The broken windows zero tollerence approach

Question 4

Clarke situational prevention

Answer 4

Argues that crime is based on rational choice and that crime is a rational response to a situation that leads criminals to be oportunists

Question 5

Felson and situational prevention techniques

Answer 5

Situation crime prevention does work but can lead to displacement

Question 6

How does the Perry Preschool project support social and community prevention ?

Answer 6

Children who were involved had a lower conviction rate by the age of 40 than a control group

Question 7

What did Cormon and Mocan in their case study of New York ?

Answer 7

They found that when the zero tollerance approach was implimented crime rates reduced by 56%

Question 8

What does Garland argue is the main function of the CJS

Answer 8

The CJS has changed from the focus being on rehabilitation to retribution leading to harsher punishments being distributed

Question 9

What does Durkeim argue about punishment ?

Answer 9

That punishment is a way to restore social solidariety they create cohesion

Question 10

What does Althuser argue about punishment ?

Answer 10

That it acts as the repressive state apparatus

Question 11

What did Ruche and Keimer argue about punishment ?

Answer 11

Every society has its own fines relative to their values e.g. monetary fines compared to free will and labels etc

Question 12

What did Wilson and Hernstein argue was the main explanation of crime ?

Answer 12

The biological approach-some people have a biological predisposition to be criminal, this could be associated with their level of socialisation

Question 13

What did Wilson and Murray find to be an explanation of crime ?

Answer 13

They found that a persons level of education is likely to impact their likelyhood of starting a criminal career

Question 14

What did Murray argue to be a cause of crime ?

Answer 14

The culture of the working and underclass is what leads them into criminal careers this explains the higher levels of crime in these groups

Question 15

What did Clarke find about the rational choice theory ?

Answer 15

A person will do a cost benefit analysis before they commit the crime if the benefit is larger they are more likely to do it

Question 16

What did Felson argue about the rational choice theory ?

Answer 16

The absense of a capable guardian leads to crime through oportunity

Question 17

What did Hirchi argue about the control theory ?

Answer 17

He found that people are more likely to conform to social norms if they have a strong sense of attachment

Question 18

What do Lea and Young argue to be the cause of crime ?

Answer 18

They argue that there is a correlation between crime about feeling margenilised and suffering from relative deprivation

Question 19

What did Young and Mathers find about social and community prevention in poor areas ?

Answer 19

That by improving facilities there was a reduction in crime as the people felt less relative deprivation

Question 20

What is meant by positivist victimology ?

Answer 20

The victim is part of the reason they were involved in a crime

Question 21

What did Miers argue about the victims of crime ?

Answer 21

He tries to find patterns in the victims and argues that factors such as clothes and alcohol can have an influence on the liklelyhood a person will become a victim

Question 22

What is crititcal victimology ?

Answer 22

Where the focus is on the societal structures that may lead to a person becoming a victim

Question 23

What did Tombs and White find about critical victimology ?

Answer 23

Health and safety crimes can be reclassified as accident prone workers

Question 24

What didJock and Yound find about the role of the government in crime statistics ?

Answer 24

They found that laws are often put in place as a response to moral panics rather than the event

Question 25

What does Maguire find about the "data explosion in crime" ?

Answer 25

There has been a rapid increase in crimes that are hidden and crimes that are antisocial.

Question 26

What did Durkeim find about the effects of crime ?

Answer 26

He argues that crime can be both positive and negative depending on the concentration in which it is present in society

Question 27

What did Hirchi argue was the cause of crime ?

Answer 27

He argues that a lack of attachment to society is the reason why those who are unemployed are more likely to commit crime

Question 28

What did Kingsly Davis argue about how the idea of the safety valve should be updated ?

Answer 28

He argued that if prostitution was legalised this would reduce the number of sexual crimes committed

Question 29

What was Mertons subcultural explanation ?

Answer 29

He argues the strain theory, where people can not reach the american dream so they fit into one of 5 diffferent roles in response to this innovators and rebels can both be criminal means

Question 30

What was Cohens subcultural explanation ?

Answer 30

He argues that status frustration is the main cause of crime i explains non-utilitarian crimes that other theories neglect, he found that young w/c boys searcher for peer gratification

Question 31

How does Steven Fox criticise Cohens theory ?

Answer 31

It may only be applicable to a minority who accepted societal goals

Question 32

What was Cloward and Ohlin's subcultural theory ?

Answer 32

They argued that a legitimate and illegitimate route are both available and a person may move between them depending on their situation

Question 33

What was Millers subcultural theory ?

Answer 33

He aregued the W/C care more likley to commit crime due to their culture, this is because they seek excitement have a fatalistic view and aim to prove their masculinity

Question 34

What was Matzas subcultural theory ?

Answer 34

He argued that there is a drift theory where crime is a way for people to express their repressed thoughts

Question 35

Who argued that crime is caused by differential law creation ?

Answer 35

Snider

Question 36

Who argued that crime is due to differential law enforcement ?

Answer 36

Reinman

Question 37

Who found that crime was due to individual motivation and criminogenic capitalism ?

Answer 37

Bonger Gordan

Question 38

Who argues that crime is due to social control ?

Answer 38

Althuser

Question 39

What was taylor and youngs new perspective that can be applied to crime ?

Answer 39

Radical criminology

Question 40

What is radical criminology ?

Answer 40

Marxism and interactionism combines, they find that there are structural influences but it is also due to individual choice

Question 41

Who conducted a case study on media amplification in 1970s Birmingham ?

Answer 41

Stuart Hall

Question 42

What did Hall find about moral panics in crime ?

Answer 42

He argued they lead to devience amplification through labeling and higher surveilence

Question 43

What is the differential association theory ?

Answer 43

The idea that we learn our behavious form those around us and if we are surrounded by people who have criminal values then we are more likley to commit crime

Question 44

What did Newburn find about W/C crime ?

Answer 44

There are hgiher numbers of tis crime reported as it is easier to see where as corperate and white collar crime do not have a clear victim so often go unreported

Question 45

Who argued that labeling creates crime ?

Answer 45

Becker

Question 46

What was Beckers theory of moral entrepeneurs ?

Answer 46

Peoplewho actively work to change a law for the benefit of members of society

Question 47

Who argued that there was primary and secondary deviance

Answer 47

Lemert

Question 48

What did young find in his case study of north london ?

Answer 48

Increasing the police presence in the area does not ereduce crime it just makes it more hidden isolating members into an underground subculture

Question 49

Who conducted a case study on mods and rockers ?

Answer 49

Cohne

Question 50

What did Braithwaite find about labeling ?

Answer 50

He argued that it could be seen as a positive that leads to stigmas not being formed

Question 51

Who argues that police actively use labelling in procedures such as stop and searches ?

Answer 51

Cicorel

Question 52

What did Gouldner find cout the influence of power in crime ?

Answer 52

He found that there is an influence of power on the enforcement of the law those with more power are less likely to be on the recieving end of the CJS

Question 53

Who argued that the idea of moral panics is outdated and there is not just one group which can be used as a scapegoat anymore ?

Answer 53

McRobbie and Thornton

Question 54

Who argued that the way media presents crime is a way of agenda setting ?

Answer 54

Reiner

Question 55

Who argued that the reporting of crime is due to the publics response and consumption ?

Answer 55

Katz

Question 56

Who supports the idea of the hyperdermic syringe model and the influence of role models ?

Answer 56

Banduras Bobo doll study Packards hyperdermic syringemodel

Question 57

How has the growth of media led to an increase in crime ?

Answer 57

People are more likley to experience relative deprivation, this measn that they are more likely to turn to crime as a rational solution

Question 58

How has a postmodernist society led to an increase in crime through the increase in technology ?

Answer 58

There has been a development of cyber crime which is increasingly common as more people gein access to the internet and devices due to globilisation

Question 59

Who arued that a postmodern society has led to an increase in hate crime ?

Answer 59

Henry and Milovanovic

Question 60

What did Henry and Milanovanvic find to be the change in the types of crimes that were being committed ?

Answer 60

There has been a change from harms of reduction and harms of repression

Question 61

Who foud that there has been an increase in the number of thrill seeking crimes being committed ?

Answer 61

Katz

Question 62

What did Jokc Young argue was a cause for an increase in crime in a postmodern society

Answer 62

He argued that fragmentation leads to people committing crime as a measn of expression

Question 63

Who argued that we have had an increase in liquid surveilence ?

Answer 63

Bauman and Lyon

Question 64

Who argued that surveilence is a way to reduce crime and this has improved in postmodern society ?

Answer 64

Althuser

Question 65

What is the difference in conviction rates between men and women ?

Answer 65

Men are more likely to be convicted of a crime than women, they are more likley to be involved in violent and sexual crimes

Question 66

Who argued that the chivalry thesis was the reason for the difference in conviction rates between men and women ?

Answer 66

Pollak

Question 67

How do Graham and Bowling support the chivalry thesis ?

Answer 67

They sound a smaller gao between genders in a self report study of official statistics e.g. the crime survey

Question 68

How does Hood support the chivalry thesis ?

Answer 68

He fpound that women were a third less likely to be arrested than men for similar crimes

Question 69

Who argued the gender difference is due to control ?

Answer 69

Heindensohn

Question 70

Who argued that socialisation leads to the gender differnces in crime ?

Answer 70

Parsons

Question 71

Who argued that liberation leads to increasing frequancy and severity of female crime ?

Answer 71

Adler

Question 72

Who argues that is women lack the class and gender deal this leads them to commit crimes ?

Answer 72

Carlen

Question 73

Why did Katz argue men commit more crime ?

Answer 73

They are more likley to engage in risk taking behaviour

Question 74

What did Murray argue made boys more likley to be offenders ?

Answer 74

A lack of a male role modeland poor socialisation due to working class norms and values

Question 75

How does messerschmitt argue there is a difference in male crime between different subgroups of society ?

Answer 75

He argues tht there is an increase in the number of working class and ethnic monrity men who feel the need to express hegemonic masculinity and prove this through the measn of cirme

Question 76

What did wilnlow study and what were his findings in male crime ?

Answer 76

He found that the appearence of male bouncers affected the number of crimes committed in the area, if they displayed hegemonic traits they were seen as more assertive

Question 77

What did Smith and Gray find about police stereotyping ?

Answer 77

Black men were more likely to be stereotyped by the police leading to an increase in stop and searches among this demographic

Question 78

What did the MacPhearson report find about the police ?

Answer 78

Institutional racism was present following the murder of Stephen Lawence

Question 79

Who argued that ethnic minorities may commit crime as an act of rebellion and resisrance ?

Answer 79

Gilroy