Families and households Flashcards
(285 cards)
1
Q
Which family types have decreased ?
A
Nuclear families
2
Q
Which family types have increased ?
A
Same-sex
Reconstituted
Beanpole
3
Q
What is Murdock’s definition of a family ?
A
A group of people consisting of at least one hetro-sexual couple who share a common residence, are self-reliant and have children.
4
Q
Describe how a kibbutz is an example of an alternative to a family
A
It is a communal living arrangement that adheres to socialist ideals, money and cars are shared
5
Q
Describe how polygamy is seen as an alternative to a family
A
Traditional roles and labels are rejected, relationships focus on support and fulfillment
6
Q
What is the definition of a family ?
A
A group of people related by a tie such as blood or marriage
7
Q
What is a household ?
A
A group of people that share a common residence
8
Q
What is a cereal packet family ?
A
A traditional nuclear family presented by the media as normal and desirable
9
Q
What is the instrumental role ?
A
the male provider and head of the household
10
Q
What is the expressive role ?
A
The female who completes domestic chores and the emotional work and childcare
11
Q
What is a symmetrical family ?
A
A family where roles are equal including domestic tasks and authority , both adults work and conjugal roles are joint
12
Q
What is a nuclear family ?
A
A hetrosexual couple with their dependent children
13
Q
What is an extended family ?
A
A family containing more extended family members
14
Q
What is a reconstituted family ?
A
Where parents have children from previous relationships
15
Q
What is a singleton family ?
A
A single person living alone
16
Q
What is meant by serial monogamy ?
A
A series of monogamous marriages
17
Q
What is an arranged marriage ?
A
When parents match their children to partners of a similar background and status
18
Q
What is bigamy ?
A
The illegal practice of having more than one husband or wife
19
Q
What is polygamy ?
A
A marriage involving 3 or more people
20
Q
What is polygyny ?
A
The practice of having more than one wife
21
Q
What is polyandry ?
A
The practice of having more than one husband
22
Q
What is an empty nest family ?
A
A family where the children have left home
23
Q
What is an empty shell marriage ?
A
A marriage with no love left
24
Q
Define family diversity
A
The range of different family types and structures found in modern society
25
What is meant by the term family life cycle ?
How a person can be in many different family types during the course of their life
26
What is meant by the organic analogy ?
A term used by functionalists to describe how the family is like a vital organ in the body, if the family doesn't function then society will collapse similarly to how if an organ doesn't work the body dies
27
What are Murdock's functions of the family
Sexual
Economic
Reproductive
Educational
28
Why is the Sexual function of the family important to society ?
It maintains stability
Prevents divorce and therefore reducing the number of broken families
29
Why is the educational role of the family important to society ?
It provides integrated law abiding citizens and prevents a loss of norms and values (anomie)
30
Why is the economic role of the family important to society ?
Other agencies would have to step in and the family would not benefit the economy
31
Why is the reproductive role of the family important to society ?
To maintain a steady birth rate for a working population
32
Why would some sociologists argue that the family is no longer necessary in modern society ?
Other agencies are able to fulfill the functions such as improvements in technology meaning a nuclear family isn't needed to have children due to IVF
33
Define structural/functional differentiation
The gradual loss of functions as institutions adapt to modern society
34
Describe the pre-industrial family structure
Families were very large as children were seen as economic assets, traditional gender roles were seen and income came from farming
35
Define the privitized nuclear family
Smaller families where they will have increased geographical mobility to seek paid employment, the family no longer has to perform all the functions it once had to
36
Define the modified extended family
Dual income families which have reestablished relationships with extended kin, functions have been replaced e.g. the media has become an "electronic baby-sitter"
37
What is geographical mobility ?
Families are no longer tied down by responsibilities, they move around the country for education and work
38
What is social mobility ?
Families have more opportunities to move up the class system, this causes ties with family members who have different lifestyles to become weaker
39
How has wealth, income and the welfare state lead to the decline of the extended family ?
The family don't rely on each other as much economically as in the past due to higher wages and more benefits
40
How has the growth of meritocracy lead to the decline of the extended family ?
Family ties no longer determine whether someone will get a job therefore family ties become weaker
41
Define status conflict
Families become more conflicted as their status changes as ties weaken and turn to each other less for help
42
What is meant by collaborative functions ?
Where institutions work together to complete functions
43
How has the educational function of the family become collaborative ?
Both schools and the family are involved in the educational function, this is through parents evenings and reports
44
How is the dark side of the family an evaluation of the functionalist view of the family ?
The functionalist view fails to consider that families which have domestic violence or demographic parenting may not be able to fulfill the functions in the same way
45
What are Parson's two functions of the family ?
Primary socialization
Stabilization Of Adult Personalities
46
Describe the warm bath theory
When the family is a release from stress and pressure of modern life
47
What is the family type favored by the new right ?
The nuclear family, traditional roles and values, self-reliant
48
Who was the sociologist that came up the the term "underclass" ?
Charles Murray
49
What is the underclass ?
The social class consisting of the long-term unemployed who choose to life off of state benefits, Murray argued that poor socialization lead to a culture of dependency
50
How do Marxists view the family ?
They see the family as negative and that the functions of the family are purely to benefit the ruling class (bourgeoise)
51
Engles-Inheritance of wealth
The nuclear family ensures that wealth is passed down through the generations and ensures that wealth cannot be redistributed
52
Althusser-Ideological function
Althusser describes the family as teaching children meritocratic norms and values, which creates obedient workers for the bourgeoise, people are kept in their social position it reduces social mobility
53
Zaretsky-Unit of consumption
As the family strives to improve the standard of living, this means that competition is encouraged producing consumerism
54
What is consumerism ?
Where people want to have the best and newest item and are willing to pay a lot of money to keep up
55
What is pester power ?
Where children will constantly ask for highly advertised products which leads to more of them being bought and therefore increasing profit for the bourgeoise
56
What is Foucault's theory of social control ?
Foucault is a neo-marxist who describes many policies and institutions being methods of controlling the family, for example post-natal care is seen as a way to observe and control new mums
57
What is the effect of social control ?
Conformity to the bourgeoise
58
What are some critisisms of the functionalist view of the family
The dark side of the family
Dated
Rise of feminism-may no longer be relevant
59
What are some critisisms of the Marxist views of the family ?
They tend to assume that the nuclear family is the dominant family type
They overestimate the effect of social class and dismiss the effect of other factors e.g. gender
They ignore the benefits of the family
60
Define Patriarchy
A male dominated society
61
Define gender inequality
inequalities between men and women in life chances and success
62
What are some of the main themes throughout the feminist view of the family ?
The family is a place of work for women
The myth of the symmetrical family
Domestic violence
The financial dependency of women on men
63
What are some ways which liberal feminists believe that equality can be improved within the family ?
Changing socialization
Establishing legal rights and policies
Affordable and accessible childcare
Stronger surveillance and action on domestic violence
64
How do marxist feminists believe that women are exploited ?
They are exploited by both the patriarchy and capitalism, Women reproduce the labour force, absorb anger through SOAP and act as a labour reserve
65
What are two beliefs held by radical feminists ?
Men are the enemy-they cause oppression and exploitation
The family and marriage are key patriarchal institutions
66
Define political lesbianism
Women should live in all female households and not be in relationships with men as this means that traditional gender roles are not expected or encouraged
67
Why do radical feminists believe that women should go on a baby strike ?
If women refuse to have children it will force men to take women seriously and find solutions to problems such as finding childcare so that women can have a career after having children
68
How is the way that difference/black feminism sees the family differently to other feminist groups ?
They see the family as a positive experience, this is because more families are matriarchal, they see the family as support against racism
69
What are some criticisms of the radical feminist view of the family ?
It reduces women's choice
Not all women would want to comply to movements such as political lesbianism or baby strikes
70
What is a criticism of the liberal feminist view of the family ?
Wilmott and Young, more families are becoming symmetrical therefore less children are influenced by their parents roles in the home
71
What are some criticisms of the marxist feminist view of the family ?
It is outdated
More families are dual-earner rather than nuclear
72
Define social policies
Actions of the government to implement laws related to health, education, social services, welfare and schools that will have an impact on family life
73
What is a direct policy ?
A policy that is aimed at providing financial support for families
74
What is an indirect policy ?
These are policies from other areas of government reform which help parents to balance the demand of work and family
75
What are some examples of direct policies ?
Universal Credit
Child Benefit
Trust Funds
Divorce
76
What are some examples of indirect policies ?
Bursaries
Pupil Premium
Free School Meals
NHS
Free Bus Passes
77
What is universal credit ?
Financial aid that replaced previous benefits, it is means tested and everyone who is unemployed is assigned a work coach, if they are not actively looking for work then payments are cut
78
How much is the average amount received via universal credit per month ?
£340
79
What are some positives of universal credit ?
-it is trying to reduce the culture of dependency
-it caps benefits
-it provides an initiative to work
80
What are some negatives of universal credit ?
-it has pushed some families into poverty
-it doesn't take other factors into consideration when work coach tasks haven't been completed e.g. mental health
81
What is the troubled families programme ?
It is an intense intervention that aims to improve the way in which the family functions, it encourages children to go to school and parents to work
82
How much did the troubled families programme cost ?
£9 billion
83
What are some positives of the troubled families programme ?
-It can move the family into a different area
-It gives access to rehabilitation
-It saves government money overall as it stops the cycle
84
What are some negatives of the troubled families programme ?
-It relies on the family complying
-Parents can drop out or relapse
-benefit cuts may lead to more troubled families
-It gives a negative and stereotypes label
85
What is child benefit ?
It is financial aid for parents who earn less than £50,000 per year, it is £20 a week per child and capped at 3 children
86
What are some positives of child benefit ?
-It ensures that children have their basic needs met
-It encourages traditional families
-It tries to prevent an increase in troubled families
87
What are some negatives of child benefit ?
-Child benefit can be claimed by two parents each earning £49k (total £98k but not one parent earning £50k
-There is no control over it expendature as it goes into a main account it could be spent on non-essential items
88
What is the free nursery places policy ?
15-30 hours of free childcare where both parents work, this is available for any child over the age of 9 months
89
What are the positives of to free nursery places policy ?
-Parents have more flexibility to work
-less benefit reliant
-children can access early education with less barriers
90
What are the negatives of free nursery places ?
-eligibility is targeted
-It puts more pressure on childcare institutions
-There is still a gap in a woman's career
91
What is the child support agency ?
It calculates and collects child maintenance this makes the separate parent have responsibility and can prevent contact between both parties if there are issues with the relationship
92
What are the positives of the child support agency ?
-It can reduce financial pressures on single parents
-It is a free service
-It is useful in situations where there is a strained relationship
93
What are the negatives of the child support agency ?
-More legality could increase strain on the previous relationship
-There is a lack of flexibility
-It doesn't take the separated parent's home situation into consideration e.g. if they have children to provide for in their new relationship
94
Which of the perspectives would see social policies as positives ?
-Functionalists
-New labour
-Feminists
95
Which perspectives would see social policies as negatives ?
-The new right
-Marxists
-Feminists
96
Why do functionalists see social policies as a positive ?
It helps the family to perform the functions correctly
This is supported by Fletcher's collaborative function theory
97
Why do the new right see social policy as a negative ?
The family should be self reliant benefits lead to a culture of dependency
98
Why do new labour see social policy as a positive ?
Benefits are a financial safety net and help the families that need it the most
99
Why do feminists see social policy as being both positive and negative ?
Some social policies benefit women however some of them encourage nuclear families which are harmful to women
100
Why do Marxists see social policies as a negative ?
Social policies act as smoke screens so that things seem better than they actually are
101
What is Foucault's theory about social policies ?
Social policies act as a way for the bourgeoisie to survey the proletariat and control them
102
What percent of marriages will end in divorce ?
42%
103
What is the 1949 Legal aid and advice act ?
Legal aid was made available for divorce proceedings
104
What is the 1969 divorce reform act ?
Irretrievable breakdown became a ground for divorce
105
What ground for divorce were included in the 1969 reform act ?
-Adultery
-Desertion
-Unreasonable behavior
-Separation (2 years if both partners are in agreement or 5 years otherwise)
106
What is the 1984 matrimonial and family proceedings act ?
Divorce was made legal after one year of marriage rather than 3 years
107
What was the 1996 Family law act ?
Increased the length that a couple had to be married before a divorce to 18 months rather than 1 year and introduced compulsory marriage counselling however this was abandoned soon after being introduced
108
What was the 2011 change in divorce legislation ?
Mediation settlements were introduced to reduce the amount of families going to family courts
109
Why did divorce increase between 1950 and 1990 ?
There was an increase in legislation to make divorce more accessible, there was an increase in normality of divorce and a decrease in stigma
110
Why is there a recent decline in divorce since 2000 ?
There have been lower marriage rates due to secularisation and cohabitation is more accepted
111
What is Hoschild's theory of the changing position of women ?
Many women feel more validated at work than at home, at home mens frustration and resistance to completing house work is a cause for conflict, women have higher expectations of marriage and having a symmetrical family and more time at work means that they have less energy and time to solve problems
112
What is Fletcher's theory of the changing expectations of marriage and love ?
Romantic ideology is seen in the media and raising peoples expectations of love and marriage which leads to higher dissatisfaction
113
What is Alan and Crowe's theory of the changing expectations of love and marriage ?
Marriage is less embedded in the economy-marriages are no longer seen as business opportunities, women don't have to tolerate conflict or lack of love in a relationship anymore
114
Define stigma
A negative label or disapproval surrounding a subject e.g. divorce previously had a stigma
115
What is Mitchell and Goody's theory of declining stigma and changes in social attitudes ?
There has been a rapid decline in stigma surrounding divorce which means that more couples are more likely to resort to divorce
116
Define individualisation
There is less value in being part of a group or community now than in the past, we see ourselves as being more important
117
What is Beck and Gidden's theory of individualisation ?
Love has now become confluent which means it has become conditional, now if a marriage does not meet our needs and expectations as an individual and doesn't benefit us, we are more likely to leave and find a relationship that does
118
What are some contributing factors of the change in family patterns ?
-Contraception
-The growth of the privatized nuclear family
-Reduced functions of the family
-Increased life expectancy
119
What does the new right believe about divorce ?
High divorce rates are undesirable and undermines the nuclear family, it creates an underclass of single-mothers and boys without a male role model
120
What do feminists believe about divorce ?
High divorce rates are good because they show that women are breaking away from the patriarchal nuclear family and oppression within it
121
What do functionalists believe about divorce ?
A high divorce rate doen't mean the family is under threat, it means that people have higher expectations of marriage and commitment, however divorce is an easy way out and in the past couples had to work for their marriage rather than taking the easy way out and leaving
122
What do Marxists believe about divorce ?
High divorce rates are not desirable because the nuclear family is needed to support men through capitalism
123
Why has a change in attitudes led to an increase of cohabitation ?
There is less pressure to marry and more freedom to choose other types of relationships
124
Why is there a rise in cohabitation within young people ?
Young people are more likely to see it as acceptable and are less likely to hold traditional values due to secularisation
125
How has the changing position of women led to an increase in cohabitation ?
Women now have better education and job opportunities, this means that they are less financially dependent on men which gives them more freedom to choose
126
Why have career opportunities led to an increase in cohabitation ?
Women avoid marriage to prevent a negative affect on career progression by fulfilling traditional roles
127
How has secularisation led to an increase in cohabitation ?
Churches have always encouraged marriage but now that they are less influential more people choose cohabitation over marriage
128
How has a fear of divorce led to an increase in cohabitation?
Rising divorce rates pit people off of marriage due to the high cost and high risk
129
What is Levin's theory about LATS ?
Couples that are together but live separately are an alternative to marriage/cohabitating. Could be due to existing responsibilities, practical issues or risk.
130
What is Morgan's theory about cohabitation ?
A study found that cohabiting couples were less happy and were more likely to be stressed, depressed and abusive in comparison to married couples
131
What percentage of people believe that there is no point in getting married ?
9%
132
What is Chester's theory of cohabitation ?
Cohabitation is a step on the way to marriage, 75% of cohabiting couples go on to get married
133
What is a singleton family type ?
One person living alone
134
What percentage of all families are singletons ?
30%
135
What is a clipped wing family ?
Where an adult child lives with their parents
136
In 2013, what percentage of 20-24 year olds lived in a clipped wing family ?
49%
137
What are the main two weaknesses of modernist theories ?
They assume that the nuclear family is dominant
They are all structural theories and assume that the family is influenced by society rather than the family influencing society
138
What are some characteristics of the personal life perspective ?
-Increased choice
-Changing definition of family
-Individualisation
139
What is meant by fictive kin ?
Where there are a range of relationships that mean that we see people as part of the family such as friends and pets
140
What is Nordqvist and Smart's theory that supports the personal life perspective of the family ?
They looked at donor conceived families and found that they placed more value on social relationships rather than biological ties, arguing that time and care makes a mother rather than biology
141
What is Lyotard and Baudrillard's theory that supports the postmodernist view of the family ?
Due to the rapid change in society, traditional norms and values are being questioned which had led to the traditional family life being rejected and diversity increasing
142
What is Stacey's theory in support of the personal life perspective of the family ?
Divorce extended family-the family is now becoming larger due to divorce rather than marriage, and people can now pick and choose family life to suit them - consumers choice
143
What is Chambers supporting study for the individualization thesis ?
Secularisation-tradition is no longer what is influencing peoples decisions they have more individual choice of how to live
144
What is Bauman's supporting study for the individualization thesis ?
constant change and uncertainty have led to kinship ties becoming weaker so people have formed different families, they have more options
145
What is Beck-Gersheim's supporting study of the individualization thesis ?
Imporovements in fertility technology mean that women can now choose whether or not to have children and when to have them, it gives women more freedom to reject the housewife role and is shown through how many women initiate divorce
146
What fraction of divorces are initiated by women ?
2/3
147
What is Hareven's theory which supports the individualization thesis ?
The life course analysis, this is the idea that our family type changes throughout our life and that family structure is a result of the choices made by different people
148
What is Beck's supporting study of the individualization thesis ?
Relationships have now got a higher risk due to the lack of influence from tradition and religion which means that the family which once was a place safe from risk and acting as protection has now become the risk
149
What is Gidden's supporting study of confluent love ?
We are moving away from romantic love where people would stay together no matter what and moving to confluent love where a relationship is conditional and if it isn't meeting our needs then we will leave and find a new relationship that does
150
What is meant by a pure relationship ?
Where individuals choose to stay together because it meets their emotional and sexual needs even though the relationship may not last due to external pressures such as work and children
151
What is meant by gender roles ?
The role expectations and norms attached to a gender within a relationship
152
What is meant by domestic labour ?
Work conducted by members of a household such as housework and childcare
153
What is Parson's view of division of labour in the household ?
He believed that there should be a clear division of labour based on biological differences, women are suited to the expressive role and men are suited to the instrumental role, this is the most beneficial division to children and society
154
What is Bott's two types of conjugal roles?
Segregated
Joint
155
What is meant by segregated conjugal roles?
Where there is a male breadwinner and a female homemaker, they have separate roles and leisure activities, this is normally found in the nuclear family
156
What is meant by joint conjugal roles ?
Where housework and childcare is divided equally, leisure time is spent together and this is normally found in symmetrical families
157
What percentage of men with children currently work part time ?
6.9%
158
What percentage of men claim to do housework ?
72%
159
What percentage of men claim to do more housework than their fathers ?
60%
160
What is Willmott and Young's theory about the family ?
There has been a "march of progress" which has led to more men doing housework and the family becoming more symmetrical
161
What is a weakness of Willmott and Young's findings ?
Even though they found that 72% of husbands claimed to do housework this only had to be one chore a week and the answers may not be honest due to social desirability
162
What are the characteristics of the new man ?
Caring, gentle, sensitive to the attitudes of women and the emotional needs of a family therefore completing a fair share of chores
163
How has the changing position of women led to a movement towards the symmetrical family ?
Changes in legislation such as the equal pay act have led to women being more financially independent and having a larger focus on career progression
164
How has women's involvement in paid work led to movement towards the symmetrical family ?
Women working means that they have more earning power than previously
165
What is Gurshuny's study that supports the view that the family is moving towards symmetry and equality ?
In families where women earn more, men do more housework than in families where women do not earn as much
166
What is Kan's study which supports the idea that the family is not moving towards equality ?
Household tasks are still divided between men and women, men tend to do tasks such as DIY and gardening where women do day to day tasks such as cleaning and laundry
167
What is Bott's study which supports the family moving towards symmetry ?
As geographical mobility has increased, kinship ties have become weaker which means that the husband and wife have to rely on each other rather than extended family members
168
How has a higher standard of living led to the family moving towards equality ?
Families have become time-poor and money-rich which provides luxuries however this has been heavily influenced by the media
169
How have weaker gender identities led to the family moving towards equality ?
There has been a rise of the new man, it is now more acceptable and encouraged for men to be involved in childcare and domestic labour
170
How has technology and the commercialisation of housework led to the family moving towards symmetry ?
There is more flexibility to work from home and products have made housework easier and less time consuming than in the past
171
What is Silver and Schor's study which supports the family is moving towards symmetry ?
There are two major economic developments which have led to women having less of a burden of housework, the first is that products now exist that make chores easier and the second is the social class divide which means that some women can afford products to make tasks easier and some can afford housekeepers
172
What fraction of women still do the majority of housework ?
2/3
173
What did Harkness find about mothers in paid employment ?
Women in the majority take time off to care for sick children and put twice as many hours into housework this is the glass ceiling
174
What percentage of women still do all of the laundry ?
80%
175
What percentage of women still do all of the cooking in the house ?
80%
176
What is the dual burden ?
Women work in paid labour and then come home to do unpaid labour of housework
177
What is Oakley's theory that supports the idea that the value of domestic labour is a reason why the family is not symmetrical
Housework and childcare has the same amount of responsibility attached as paid labour however doesn't have any of the benefits for the women doing it such as a wage pension holidays and set working hours
178
What is Oakley's study that supports the idea that measuring domestic labour is a reason why the family is not symmetrical ?
Even though Willmott and young found that 72% of men claimed to do housework this could just be one job a week and therefore their evidence is flawed
179
What is Boulton's theory about how evidence that men are doing more housework could be flawed ?
Many men exaggerate the amount of domestic labour they complete
180
What are some methodological criticisms of Oakley's study?
-small sample size (40 couples)
-ethnocentric
-low representiveness
181
What is meant by emotional work?
Managing and maintaining affection, moral support and love that exists in the family to ensure cohesion
182
What is Duncombe and Moore's study that supports the idea of the family not being symmetrical due to emotional work?
They interviewed 40 couples and found that most women complained about their husbands not showing enough emotion to their children, this means that women end up working a triple shift
183
What is meant by the triple shift?
Where women are in paid labour then come home and do unpaid labour of housework as well as emotional work
184
Why might quality time be a reason why women end up working a triple shift and therefore the family isn't symmetrical (Sutton's study)?
Mothers have the responsibility of coordinating family time, this means they are more likely to need to be able to multi-task because they have to manage their career, childcare, housework, emotional work and coordinating family time
185
What is Gershuny's supporting study for the cultural explanation of gender division?
Couples who's parents had an equal relationship are more likely to share work
186
What is Man Yee Kan's supporting study for the cultural explanation of gender division?
Due to a generational shift younger men are more likely to be involved in domestic work
187
What is Kan's supporting study for the material explanation of gender division?
For every £10,000 a year a woman earns more, she does 2 hours less of housework a week
188
What did Edgell find about decision making in the family and how this means the family is not symmetrical?
Men are responsible for expensive decisions such as moving house or buying a new car whereas women are responsible for lower cost decisions such as the children's clothes which are more frequent and are seen as less important
189
What is Phal's study which supports the idea tat the family is not symmetrical ?
2 types of control, women aren't financially independent due to pooling. Men control most of the finances, women also still earn 15% less then men so have less contribution so less power.
190
What is Dunne's study (personal life perspective) supporting the idea that the family is unequal ?
Gender scrips are not found in lesbian couples because there is no pressure to conform to masculine and feminine stereotypes this means the family can only be equal if it is a same-sex relationship
191
What is Smart's study (postmodernism) that supports the idea that the family is unequal ?
Same sex couples don't attach importance to who controls money unlike hetrosexual couples
192
What is the effect of family inequality on women's careers ?
Many women feel as though family commitment often means they progress slower in their careers and end up with lower pay than men
193
How does family inequality have an impact on the hours which women work ?
3/4 part time workers are women, having children has little impact on the hours which men work however often leads to women taking up part-time employment rather than full-time
194
How does family inequality lead to women being less likely to be promoted ?
Women are often seen as unreliable due to their commitment to the family which often means employers won't train them or promote them as easily as men
195
How does family inequality lead to women having disrupted work cycles ?
Women have disruptions because of maternity leave but then are often expected to take time off to care for sick children which causes more disruptions which causes the glass ceiling
196
How does family inequality have an impact on geographical mobility ?
Many women will have to move due to their husbands employment this makes it harder for women to have stable employment and more opportunities
197
How did covid lead to higher family inequality ?
Almost 70% of women were in charge of their children's education and women's careers were more interrupted due to children's schools being shut or their children having to self-isolate
198
How many women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime ?
1/4
199
On average how many times is a woman physically attacked before she contacts the police ?
35
200
What did Walby and Allen find about women being the victim of an attack ?
Women are more likely to be victims of multiple attacks
201
What did Ansara and Hindin find about the violence that women experience ?
Women suffer more severe violence and control that has psychological effects
202
What is the historical explanation for domestic violence ?
Some of the attitudes from the past where men would beat and rape their wives within marriage may still exist in some patriarchal relationships
203
What is the psychological explanation for domestic violence ?
Some offenders of domestic violence have medical reasons which could explain their irrational behavior such as addiction or mental health conditions such as depression or bipolar disorder
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How is the cycle of violence an explanation of domestic violence ?
Some people may have been socialized to see this kind of violence to be normal and boys are often encouraged to be more aggressive through canalisation
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What is the marxist explanation of domestic violence ?
Marxists argue that domestic violence is a result of capitalist exploitation and the pressure it puts on men
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What are Dobash and Dobash's four explanations for domestic violence ?
History
Patriarchy
Ideological preparation
Privatization of the family
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What is Dobash and Dobash's study about domestic violence ?
They found that violence against women is a result of men having more power and that violence is an extension of the man's control over his wife, they also found that the police were less likely to record domestic violence unless it was GBH
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What is Dobash and Dobash's historical explanation of domestic violence ?
Up until the 18th century husbands could "lawfully correct" their wives, the subordinate position of women was seen as natural and often supported by both law and religion
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What is Dobash and Dobash's patriarchal explanation of domestic violence ?
Often people in positions of power were men and the nature of institutions in society was patriarchal
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What is Dobash and Dobash's Ideological preparation explanation of domestic violence ?
Girls are more controlled whereas boys are encouraged to be more adventurous this socialization teaches girls to be submissive
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How do Dobash and Dobahs argue that the privatization of the nuclear family is an explanation of domestic violence ?
The family was seen as something that the government shouldn't interfere with
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What is Cheal's supporting study of the privatization of the nuclear family being an explanation of domestic violence ?
The state and police are reluctant to get involved in family relationships they assume that the family is always a good and as we have free will women are free to leave this results in a lack of prosecutions
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How does Elliot's study contradict Dobash and Dobash ?
He claims that not all men are aggressive, radical feminists ignore violence against men, there are other groups that are at a higher risk of violence including : children and young people, lower social classes, low income
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What did Wilkinson find about how different groups are at a higher risk of violence ?
Violence is caused by stress, families with less resources are more likely to experience domestic violence. This explains why w/c have higher rates of domestic abuse.
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Why might people not report domestic violence ?
-Fear of consequences
-Distrust of police
-reluctance due to finances or children
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Why might the police not record domestic violence ?
-Lack of evidence
-Issues with consent
-Police gender bias
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Why might changing definitions be an issue when looking at domestic violence ?
-Definitions have been widened to include non-physical violence, it may not be seen the same as physical violence and taken as seriously
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What percentage of domestic violence victims are male ?
19%-Hiever
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What was the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings act 1976 ?
It allowed county courts to issue non-molestation and exclusion injunctions (ordering them not to do something)
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What is the domestic proceedings and magistrates act 1978
This allowed magistrates courts to issue non-molestation and exclusion injunctions however this only applied to married women
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What was made illegal in the 1990's as a response to domestic violence
Marital rape
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What are some characteristics of a western childhood ?
-child-centered norms and values
-safety
-higher standards of living
-care-free
-demographic parenting
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What is Pilcher's theory on the western notion of childhood ?
He emphasises childhood being a separate life stage, laws regulate which children can and can't do much more than adults and differences can also be found in clothing, products and entertainment
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What are cross-cultural differences in childhood ? (Ukrainian refugees)
These children are exposed to adult themes such as war and violence, they have a lack of stability and lack of education, freedom and choice
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What are historical differences in childhood ? (Victorian children working in mills)
Children would work 16 hours a day from age 6, physical punishment was normal and they suffered from poor living standards and nutrition, they were seen as economic assets
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What is Aries' theory about childhood ?
The time period where children were seen as economic assets was due to industrialization and now children have a childhood is due to child labor being more regulated and school became compulsory
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What are some of the reasons for changes in childhood ?
-Laws restricting child labor
-Compulsory schooling
-Child protection
-Declining family size
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What are some characteristics of childhood?
-higher standard of living
-More child centered
-Better socialization
-More protection
-Improved health and lifestyle
-More materialistic
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What do Aries and Shorter argue about the march of progress?
Children are more valued, cared for and protected than in the past, society has become more child centered which means that children are the focal point of the family
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How are there gender inequalities between children?
Girls are more likely to be expected to read and stay at home where boys are encouraged to go out, this means that girls are more likely to be affected negatively by canalisation
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How does ethnicity create inequality between children?
Some ethnicities have a higher risk of underachievement due to a higher risk of underachievement and forming anti-school subcultures as well as a higher risk of being marginalized
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How can social class create inequality between children?
Children in the w/c and underclass are at a higher risk of experiencing cultural and material deprivation this means they have lower life chances than children in higher classes
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What do Firestone and Holt argue about how children are controlled?
Children are controlled through adults implementing a bedtime, the food they eat what they do for leisure and the clothes they wear
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What do Firestone and Holt argue about child labour?
Excluding children from paid labor is not a form of protection but a form of control which forces them to be dependent on their parents
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What is meant by the age patriarchy?
Adult dominance and child subordination
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What effect does the age patriarchy have on children according to Gittins?
Children may experience oppression and this may lead to them rebelling to try and reassert their status
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What is an evaluation of Gittins?
Some control over children is justified due to them having needs such as safeguarding and protection
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What is Postman's theory of childhood?
Children are more exposed to adult themes which means that the line between childhood and adulthood is being blurred and childhood is starting to disappearing
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What is Opie's theory of childhood?
Children have a different culture from adults and this is sown through there being an entirely different industry especially in area such as film and TV.
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Define birth rate
The number of live births per thousand of the population each year
241
Define life expectancy
An estimate for how long the average person can be expected to live
242
Define death rate/ mortality rate
The number of deaths per thousand of the population each year
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Define the total fertility rate
The average number of children a women will have during their child-bearing years
244
Define fertility rate
The number of live births per thousand women of child-bearing age(15-44)
245
Define net migration
The difference between immigration and emmigration it is usually expressed as a net gain or a net loss
246
Define migration
Changing the country of residence for a period of at least a year
247
Define infant mortality rate
the number of deaths of babies in their first year of life per thousand live births
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Define emmigration
Leaving the usual country of residence for at least a year
249
Define natural population change
Changes in the size of the population due to changes in the number of births or deaths in a year not including migration
250
Define dependent population
The section of the population which is not in work and is supported by others such as parents or the welfare state
251
Define Immigration
Entering another country for a period of at least a year
252
Define population projections
Predictions of future changes in the population size and composition based on current trends
253
Define dependency ratio
The relationship between the proportion of the population working and those who are dependent
254
What are the current population trends ?
-declining birth and death rates
-the birth rate is at an all time low
255
What is the current fertility rate ?
1.7
256
What are some reasons for the recent rise in birth and fertility rates ?
-Increasing migration
-Increase in provision from the welfare state
-changing attitudes
-increase in fertility technology
257
What is the current death rate ?
8.8
258
How has covid affected death rates ?
1 in 5 deaths in the past year were covid related, there were 25% more deaths during the 2 waves than in previous years
259
What is Tranters argument about how health has affected the death rate ?
The fall in infectious diseases is what has led to a decrease in the death rate. These infectious diseases have been replaced by diseased caused by affluence such as heart disease
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What does McKeown argue about higher standards of living causing the death rate to decrease ?
Improved nutrition and more aminities have led to better chances of survival
261
How have improved work conditions led to a reduced death rate ?
There has been a decline in the number of dangerous occupations and machinery is more tested and more highly regulated
262
What is the current life expectancy ?
80.7
263
What does Hirsch argue about the aging population ?
There needs to be changes in policy to account for the aging population so that there are enough people working and not too many dependent people, this is done by increasing the retirement age
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How does the aging population lead to an economy boost ?
Older people have purchasing power(the grey pound) This is found particularly in sectors such as leisure and holiday
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How does the aging population impact social cohesion ?
The older generation contribute more to their local community and churches
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How does the aging population have an effect on crime ?
The older generation have not experienced secularisation which means they are less likely to commit crime as they are more law abiding
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How does an aging population have an effect on family support ?
Grandparents help with childcare and housework as there are more dual earner families
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How does the aging population impact the dependency ratio ?
The dependency ratio increases and this creates a strain of the family
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How does the aging population lead to increased poverty ?
State pensions cause many to love in poor standards and they often experience a lack of food or heating
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How does an aging population lead to a strain in housing ?
Many older people live in one person households which creates loneliness but also means that there is less affordable housing for young families
271
How does the aging population cause a strain on public healthcare ?
The elderly are more likely to suffer from chronic illnesses which causes the NHS to experience more pressure but they also take up more beds in the hospital (bed blocking )
272
How does the aging population lead to family stress ?
The aging population often creates a sandwich generation where a woman has to care for both her children and her parents, she is stuck in the middle with the responsibility of working and caring for the family
273
How has old age changed ?
In the past it was seen as a negative thing to age it was often associated with being dependent whereas now it is associated with being a golden age where they can enjoy leisure
274
How does globalisation lead to migration?
There are now more ways that people can travel due to the improved technology such as flights are now much more common than in the past
275
What is a push factor?
Something that makes a person want to leave the country
276
What is a pull factor?
Something that makes a person more likely to move to a country/ stay in that country
277
What is an example of migration to the UK ?
Ukrainian refugees were entitled to housing NHS and school places, however they could be seen as a burden
278
What is Vertovec's study which supports migration leading to greater cultural diversity and hybridity ?
Migrants from a range of countries bring multiculturalism, different religions and cultures create integration and tolerance
279
What is Eade's supporting study for cultural diversity and hybridity ?
Multiple sources of identity merge and create hybrid families and transnational identities
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How has an increase in migration led to an increase in the birth rate ?
Non-UK mothers are more likely to have more children and it is a norm to have larger families and extended families
281
What is Ehrenreich and Hoschild's supporting study for migration leading to changing families and a baby boom ?
More women particularly migrant women fulfill domestic job roles and this increase is needed with the increase of the service industry
282
How has migration led to an economy boost ?
Migrants can fill labour shortages and provide a reserve army of labour, fulfilling jobs that are needed such as care, nursing and manual labour
283
How does more undocumented illegal workers lead to a negative impact on society ?
Migrants use the government resources such as the NHS, there could also be issues with housing shortages and shortages in places in education
284
How does migration lead to a negative impact due to a higher number of asylum seekers ?
Asylum seekers need to use the resources howver they are often treated poorly due to a lack of funding for detention centres
285
What is Castle's supporting study for migration and increasing fear and conflict ?
Migrants and ethnic minorities tend to feel targeted sue to examples of islamaphobia, this leads to mistrust and suspicion between different groups
