Criminal Behaviours

Question 1

What year was homosexuality decriminalised in the UK?

Answer 1

1982

Question 2

Give an example of two countries where homosexuality is still illegal

Answer 2

Egypt and Saudi Arabia

Question 3

What year did blasphemy laws end in England and Wales?

Answer 3

2008 act

Question 4

How many countries had blasphemy laws and what year was this in?

Answer 4

79 in 2019

Question 5

What did Muncie and McLaughlin propose?

Answer 5

Most people have demonstrated several criminal behaviours, demonstrated because of how they are viewed in society = not criminal

Question 6

What did Griffith identify?

Answer 6

Some personality characteristics and criminal behaviours of the five ‘top shelf’ crimes

Question 7

Name the characteristics of murderers type 1

Answer 7

Below average IQ, tend to live alone, likely to be an unskilled worker, socially inadequate, inconsistent discipline in childhood

Question 8

Name the characteristics of murderers type 2

Answer 8

Above average IQ, socially adequate, masculine image, follow the media, adept ability to control their mood and emotions, ‘charming’

Question 9

Name the characteristics of acquisitive criminals

Answer 9

Thrill seeking, will often be involved in some form of drug use, may have intelligence or economical reason behind their crime

Question 10

What did Chase identify?

Answer 10

Ten common traits of career criminals

Question 11

Name four common traits of career criminals

Answer 11

Power centric, cognitive laziness, rationalisation and family dysfunction

Question 12

Name the two individual differences explanations of criminal behaviours

Answer 12

Cognitive factors and Eysenck’s Criminal Personality Theory

Question 13

Name the three areas of personality identified by Eysenck

Answer 13

Psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism

Question 14

What is the biological cause of psychoticism?

Answer 14

high levels of testosterone

Question 15

Name the two biological explanations

Answer 15

Inherited criminality and role of the amygdala

Question 16

Name two researchers who created early biological theories

Answer 16

Lombroso, Sheldon

Question 17

What did Lombroso propose?

Answer 17

Physical characteristics in the face contribute to likelihood of criminal behaviours - narrow sloping brow, prominent jaw, high cheekbones, large ears

Question 18

What did Sheldon propose?

Answer 18

Physique contributed to the likelihood of criminal behaviours - mesomorphic, muscular figure = temperament - ‘assertive’ and ‘adventurous’

Question 19

Name a twin study and what was found?

Answer 19

Raine, MZ twins = 52%, DZ twins = 21%

Question 20

Name a family study and what was found?

Answer 20

Osborn and West, 40% of sons with criminal fathers had criminal records themselves, 13% with non-criminal fathers had criminal records

Question 21

Name an adoption study and what was found?

Answer 21

Crowe, adopted children with biological parent with criminal record at 38% greater risk of having criminal record by 18, adopted children no criminal record = 6% risk

Question 22

Name one potential gene found to cause criminal behaviours and what does it do?

Answer 22

MAOA gene, helps recycle serotonin

Question 23

What did Brunner find?

Answer 23

Research with a Dutch family involved in aggressive and impulsive behaviours, found family had mutation of the MAOA gene = causing abnormally low levels of serotonin

Question 24

What did Tiihonen find?

Answer 24

Finnish offenders had low MAOA activity and low activity from the CDH13 gene

Question 25

How much is it estimated that violent crime in Finland is due to abnormalities in MAOA gene and CDH13 gene?

Answer 25

5-10%

Question 26

What does a functioning amygdala allow us to do?

Answer 26

Respond to distress in others and inhibits anti-social behaviours

Question 27

How may people with amygdala dysfunction respond differently?

Answer 27

May struggle to regulate emotions, impulsivity, decision making, aggression, lack of remorse or guilt, long-term memory issues = fear conditioning to deter from aggressive behaviour does not work

Question 28

What does dysfunction in the pre-frontal cortex impact?

Answer 28

Affects regulation of aggression

Question 29

What did Raine find about the pre-frontal cortex and criminality?

Answer 29

NGRIs had lower activity in pre-frontal cortex than the control group

Question 30

Who developed anger management programme?

Answer 30

Novaco

Question 31

What were Novaco's three aims for anger management?

Answer 31

Cognitive restructuring, Regulation of arousal and Behavioural strategies

Question 32

What therapy is anger management a form of?

Answer 32

CBT

Question 33

What is the long-term aim of anger management?

Answer 33

Reduce re-offending rate and promote rehabilitation

Question 34

What model are anger management programmes based on?

Answer 34

Stress inoculation model

Question 35

How are anger management programmes usually carried out and where?

Answer 35

Group therapies in prisons or during probation periods

Question 36

What are Novaco's 3 steps in anger management?

Answer 36

Cognitive preparation, Skill acquisition and Application

Question 37

What do offenders learn in cognitive preparation?

Answer 37

Challenge their though processes (e.g. hostile attribution bias), look for patterns in their anger by identifying triggers, consider negative consequences of anger on others

Question 38

What do offenders learn in skill acquisition?

Answer 38

Cognitive flexibility (examine alternative interpretations = 'stop and think'), relaxation techniques (e.g. counting), communication skills to deal with conflict assertively

Question 39

What do offenders learn in application?

Answer 39

Apply skills in role play (scenarios that previously made them angry, control their anger and change their response), receive feedback from therapist and peers, try skills in real world settings

Question 40

Name the two social psychological explanations of criminal behaviours

Answer 40

Gender socialisation and Differential Association

Question 41

How much crime do men commit compared to women?

Answer 41

Men are responsible for 4/5 criminal offences

Question 42

Name the two ways criminal behaviour can be explained in gender socialisation

Answer 42

Social learning theory and differences in social control

Question 43

What did Cohen argue?

Answer 43

Children look up to same-sex parents as their role model, traditionally the woman stayed at home with the children, whilst the father went to work, meaning the boy did not have a role model, meaning they seek all male peer groups (culture of bravado and toughness)

Question 44

What did Heidensohn argue?

Answer 44

Women do not have the opportunity to commit crime: home, work and public