Criminal Procedure Flashcards
(36 cards)
4th Amendment Exclusionary Rule
Exclusionary rule prevents the introduction of unlawfully seized evidence at trial against the D.
Exceptions to Exclusionary Rule
- Federal habeas corpus review
- grand jury / preliminary proceedings
- bail
- sentencing
- proceedings to revoke parole
- impeaching D
- civil proceedings
4th Amendment seizure def
A 4th Am seizure occurs when police, by means of physical force OR show of authority intend to restrain a person’s freedom of movement.
-objective test: seizure if reasonable innocent person would not feel free to leave under totality of the circumstances
Arrest warrants reqts
- issued by neutral magistrate
- probable cause that crime was committed
- AND person identified in warrant was involved
- description with particularity D & crime committed
Implicitly authorizes entry into the arrestee’s home to serve the warrant if the police have reason to believe arrestee is present.
When is a “search” under the 4th Am?
- govt invades a place
- protected by reasonable expectation of privacy
- OR physically intrudes upon a constitutionally protected area
- to gather information
Search warrant reqts
- issued by neutral magistrate
- probable cause (reasonable belief that evidence will be found)
- supported by oath & affidavit
- describe with particularly places searched & items to be seized
Hallmark “REOP” contexts
- luggage contents
- hotel rooms
- home (also const’lly protected area)
Exceptions to search warrant rent
“SAD SPACES”
- Search incident to lawful arrest
- Administrative search
- Stop and Frisk
- Plain view
- Automobile exception
- Consent
- Exigent circumstances
- Special govt purpose
What can be searched (scope) during search incident to lawful arrest?
- Generally, wingspan: arrestee & immediately surrounding area. NOT cellphone/laptops
- If in home: protective sweep including adjoining rooms. OR If reasonable suspicion that others hiding beyond, can be broadened to such spaces
- If in vehicle: eaching distance of arrestee’s passenger compartment that may have evidence OR anywhere, if it is reasonable that evidence of arresting offense might be there
- If inventory search: anywhere if driver arrested, car impounded
Administrative search def
Warrant not required for searches used to ensure compliance with administrative regulations
- public school official search of students
- TSA agent search of travelers’ belongings at int’l borders
- police search of vehicle checkpoints & roadblocks
Stop and frisk def
Stop = limited, temporary intrusion on a peron’s freedom of movement is justified if reasonable suspicion based on ** articulable facts** that detainee is involved in illegal activity (totality of the circumstances)
Frisk = an officer without probable cause can pay down a person’s outer clothing if reasonable suspicion that person involved in criminal activity AND frisk necessary for safety
- “plain feel” exception allows officer to seize object felt during frisk, probable cause that obj is contraband
IF, during S&F, offer’s reasonable suspicion grows into probable cause officer can make arrest, conduct full search
Plain view def
Officer can seize items in public view without warrant (bc no REOP)
Officer can seize items in private view without warrant if
- police are on premises for lawful purposes
- criminal nature of item is immediately apparent
- officer has lawful access to items
Automobile exception def
Police may search any part of a car if there is probable cause to believe that it contains contraband or evidence.
BUT can’t enter home to search car (eg car in garage)
Eg: Police have probable cause that drive had drugs in his vehicle (tip from informant). Make pretextual traffic violation stop, search trunk. Find weapons in trunk, no drugs. Since trunk is area where drugs may be located, it’s a reasonable warrantless search. Seizure doesn’t violate 4th Amendment
Consent def (for search warrant exception)
Voluntary consent = given without threat of harm, compulsion, or false assertion of lawful authority.
Third-party consent = 3d party can consent to the search of a suspect’s property ONLY if
- 3d party has agency relationship
- suspect assumed risk of search by giving rights to property to the 3d party
Exigent circumstances def
Govt must demonstrate probable cause and exigent circumstances.
Hot pursuit exigency = police in pursuit of suspect. If probable cause suspect committed felony, can only seize “mere evidence” from private building.
Emergency exigency = reasonable apprehension that delay in obtaining warrant risks immediate danger of evidence destruction, threat to public safety, threat that suspect flees.
Special govt purpose def
AKA special-needs searches
State interest must be real, current, vital problem that can be effectively addressed through the proposed search
Think: drug testing railroad employees involved in an accident
Exclusionary Rule def
Under the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine, evidence initially seized as a result of govt illegality AND secondary derivative evidence resulting from the primary taint, will NOT BE admissible at trial
Exceptions to Exclusionary Rule
- inevitable-discovery
- independent source
- attenuation principle (time/intervening events)
- good-faith reliance on warrant (NO if facially defective, improperly executed)
- Isolated police negligence (NO if sufficiently deliberate)
- Knock and announce
- In-court identification
5th Amendment privilege against compulsory self-incrimination def
No person shall be compelled in a criminal case to testify against himself
- ANY criminal proceeding
- ONLY testimony evidence (not physical)
- ONLY individuals, not individual officers of companies
Miranda Rights Rule
Any incriminating statement obtained as a custodial interrogation may not be used against a suspect at a subsequent trial unless the police informed the suspect of his Miranda rights
-need to re-Mirandize suspect after interrogation stopped for long duration
Miranda rights “custodial interrogation” def
Custody = formal arrest or restrain of freedom (whether a reasonable person would believe that she could leave)
Interrogation = questioning, words/actions reasonable likely to elicit an incriminating response. Deceit/fraud during interrogation OK (colander lie detector)
Miranda warnings reqts
- given before interrogation begins
- right to remain silent
- any statement can be used against suspect in court
- right of an attorney (appointed if suspect indigent)
What happens when suspect makes specific, unambiguous statement asserting desire to have counsel present during an interrogation?
Interrogation must STOP until suspect voluntarily initiates communication OR 14 day break in custody
What happens when suspect makes a specific, unambiguous statement asserting her desire to remain silent during an interrogation?
Interrogation must STOP until suspect indicates desire to speak