Criminology

Question 1

what are some theories and studies that are associated in this theme

Answer 1

1)Learning theories as an explanation for criminology
2)Genetic explanation of criminality
3)the criminal personality
4)Bandura Ross and Ross 1961
5)Charlton et al (2000)

Question 2

what does operant conditioning mean in criminology

Answer 2

A certain behaviour is likely to be repeated if reinforced and likely to not be repeated if punished

Question 3

Positive VS Negative reinforcement with examples

Answer 3

Positive- RECEIVING something good from a particular behaviour. Obeying to get a treat
Negative- RECEIVING something good after avoiding something unpleasant. Getting up from bed to avoid the noisy alarm

Question 4

Positive punishments VS Negative punishments

Answer 4

Positive- Getting something UNPLEASANT so we don’t do it again. A spanking
Negative- REMOVING something pleasant so we dont repeat it. No Tv the whole week

Question 5

examples of primary and secondary reinforcers

Answer 5

primary- food, a home, clothes, pleasure
secondary- credit card, grades, money

Question 6

what are some strengths for operant conditioning

Answer 6

-theory can explain a wide range of crimes
-led to development of behaviour managements

Question 7

what does social learning suggest about criminality

Answer 7

That we observe and learn from one another rather than reinforcing or punishing

Question 8

What takes place in the identification and modelling process
*Hint ARRMI

Answer 8

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Identification

Question 9

What is a vicarious reinforcement

Answer 9

motivation to model the behaviours of a person who gets a reward for that certain behaviour

Question 10

what are some examples of daily rewards

Answer 10

-acceptance from people
-food
-candy
-comfort
-compliments
-grades

Question 11

evaluate the social learning theory of criminality

Answer 11

Strengths
-Bandura et al has great research support for this theory. Shows we are more likely to model the same sex
-This theory explains why children learn very fast rather that reinforcements
-explains why people get connected to crime so quick

Weaknesses
-this can just explain the short term effects
-some criminal behaviours cannot be explained from observation. e.g murders

Question 12

what is some evidence that criminals can run in the family (Genes)

Answer 12

-Karl Christiansen found that if one MZ twin was a criminal there was a 52.5% the other twin was a criminal. However if one DZ twin was a criminal, there was a 22% chance that the other would also be a criminal.

Question 13

what is personality

Answer 13

A set of characteristics/ traits that make up an individuals character

Question 14

The Personality theory was. proposed by___________________ in 1964

Answer 14

Hans Eysenck

Question 15

Examples of personality traits

Answer 15

-extravert/ introvert
-psychoticism
-neuroticism

Question 16

Stable VS Unstable neuroticism

Answer 16

Stable- Having the ability to not over react in stressful situations
Unstable- over reacting and over emotional in stressful situations

Question 17

what was the research method used to measure personalities in this theory

Answer 17

Questionnaires
The Eysenck personality questionnaire

Question 18

people with high PEN results show high chances of ______________

Answer 18

Criminality

Question 19

what does this tell us about people with High PEN scores

Answer 19

have a biological nervous system that is more difficult to socialise with. These personalities are quick to react, sensation-seeking and lack empathy for others

Question 20

evaluate the personality theory

Answer 20

Strengths
-It is Holistic and takes personalities into consideration
-research evidence supports the idea of high PEN scores being related to criminals

Weaknesses
-Assumes that personalities are fixed and stable. However personalities can change based on the event we are in
-results from questionnaire aren’t all truthful. (desirable answers)

Question 21

what is Recidivism

Answer 21

when an offender is punished for their crime but commits another crime

Question 22

why are punishments effective for convicts
*hint operational conditioning

Answer 22

They are effective as they apply the principles of operant conditioning which demonstrates positive punishments stopping certain behaviours

Question 23

why are punishments effective for convicts

Answer 23

They are effective as they apply the principles of otperant conditioning which demonstrates positive punishments stopping certain behaviours

Question 24

how effective are prisons as a deterrent for reoffenders
*strengths & weaknesses

Answer 24

-can remove criminals from the public
keeping the public safe
-however young offenders are likely to reoffend again
-Prison can act as a positive reinforcement due to the friendship and livelihood given by cellmates
-more crimes may take place in prison

Question 25

what is community service

Answer 25

Instead of the offender going to jail, they perform duties that give back to the community.

Question 26

Examples of community services

Answer 26

-cleaning the street -painting community buildings

Question 27

is community sentencing effective in reducing Recidivism?

Answer 27

with recidivism having a rate of 30%, community sentencing isn't seen as an effective form of punishments.

Question 28

what is restorative Justice

Answer 28

This is when the convict and the victim of that crime meet and communicate with each other

Question 29

Give one weakness of restorative justice

Answer 29

-could cause distress for both the offender and the victim. Emotional distress.

Question 30

How do Token Economy programmes run

Answer 30

This is also based on the principles of operant conditioning. Prisoners are given tokens for prosocial behaviour as a reward, these are secondary reinforcers. Once they have collected a certain amount, they are allowed different privileges

Question 31

what are the 3 stages taken in anger management programmes

Answer 31

1)Cognitive preparation -reflects on their own anger 2)Skill acquisition- offender is given skills to control their behaviour 3)Application practice- tests their new skills with different situations

Question 32

how effective is anger management in reducing recidivism

Answer 32

mention Mixed results -one study showed high risk offenders that went through with the program were less likely to reoffend -However another study showed that this was due to educational benefits.

Question 33

what were the aims of Bandura, Ross and Ross 1961

Answer 33

-investigate whether children would imitate aggression played by an adult -to see whether gender influences the likelihood of imitating aggression

Question 34

What were the names of the 3 rooms in Bandura and what did they perform

Answer 34

ROOM 1- modelling room -the child was brought in individually -an adult (either woman or man) would act aggressively towards a bobo doll ROOM 2- the anger arousal room -all 72 children are here -several toys are present -children are quickly told to leave the toys for the "good kids" ROOM 3- The observation room -two observers (double blind technique) -was to see whether they would apply what they saw from the previous model in room 1

Question 35

What two conditions were present in Bandura

Answer 35

Aggressive and Non aggressive models

Question 36

What was the IV and DV of the study

Answer 36

IV-the models (female or male) DV-levels of aggression made by the child with either verbal or physical aggression

Question 37

what did they conclude

Answer 37

-children could learn aggression from the same gender -children could learn aggression from a model stranger -verbal aggression is performed mainly by girls than boys -physical aggression is performed mainly by boys

Question 38

what are some weaknesses to the study

Answer 38

-demand characteristics -Did not look at the long term effects of these procedures. Could affect them psychologically. (unethical)

Question 39

what was the main aim of Charlton et al. (2000)

Answer 39

Investigated the effects of television on children behaviour

Question 40

where did this study take place

Answer 40

On the Island of St. Helna

Question 41

what was the IV and DV

Answer 41

IV- introduction to Television DV- levels of aggression

Question 42

what sample method was used in this study and from what ages

Answer 42

-Opportunity sampling. They were present and available -3-8 years old.

Question 43

this study lasted __________ years

Answer 43

Five

Question 44

what do the results show and what can we conclude

Answer 44

results: -there was no antisocial behaviour being observed -prosocial behaviour was shown twice as much as antisocial behaviour conclusion: TV introduction had very/ to no little effect on children behaviour may be due to the environmental and community influence. Culture influence.