Criminology: AC4.1 - JC

Question 1

Crime control policies to reduce offending include the use of drugs, diet and sugary:

Answer 1

1) Alcohol abuse
2) Heroin addiction
3) Sex offenders
4) Managing prisoners
5) Diet
6) Surgery
7) Crowd control and public order offences

Question 2

CCTV and Surveillance

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Physiological Theories)

Answer 2

Criminal profiling

Question 3

Eugenics

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Genetic Theories)

Answer 3

Tendency to commit crime is through the inheritance of a criminal gene. This idea is discredited now but it was previously associated with a movement known as ‘eugenics’.

Question 4

Alcohol abuse treatment

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Biological Theories)

Answer 4

The drug, Antabase is used in aversion therapy to treat alcoholism.
It works by preventing the body from breaking down alcohol immediately causing hangover symptoms if the user consumes even a small amount of alcohol.

Question 5

Heroin addiction treatment

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Biological Theories)

Answer 5

Methadone is used to treat addicts, as a long-term alternative to heroin or to prevent withdrawal symptoms. It is medically controlled and used to reduce crime.

Question 6

Sex offenders

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Biological Theories)

Answer 6

Stilbestrol is a form of ‘chemical castration’ that has been used to treat male sex offenders. It is a female hormone that suppresses testosterone to reduce sex drive. However, it can have serious side effects such as psychiatric disorders.

Question 7

Managing prisoners

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Biological Theories)

Answer 7

Sedatives and tranquillisers such as Valium, Librium and Largactil have been used to keep prisoner’s calm.

Question 8

Diet

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Biological Theories)

Answer 8

Diet can be modified to try and change behaviour. For example, removing food with artificial colouring from a child’s diet.

Question 9

Surgery

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Biological Theories)

Answer 9

1) Surgical castration
2) Lobotomy: a major procedure that
involved cutting the connection
between the frontal lobes of the brain and the thalamus. It can have serious side effects.

Question 10

Crowd control and public order offences

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Biological Theories)

Answer 10

Chemical substances can be used to control crowds, for example tear gas could be used during a riot despite the side effects such as vomiting and difficulty breathing

Question 11

Psychological Screening

INDIVIDUAL THEORIES

(Psychoanalysis Theories)

Answer 11

Offenders are given psychological assessment to highlight risks and triggers to future behaviours and criminal motivation –> This usually takes the form of council of and is a form of rehabilitation.

Question 12

Token Economies

INDIVIDUAL THEORIES

(Learning Theories)

Answer 12

Communities are given a ‘token’ that represents good behaviour and is redeemable for a reward or advantage later –> This encourages the idea of favourable behaviours re-normalising new social dynamics

Question 13

Aversion Therapy

INDIVIDUAL THEORIES

(Psychological Theories)

Answer 13

Expose to a triggering condition, is repeated giving the individual the opportunity to re-coils their response –> over time this forms a new understanding and reduces involuntary behaviour.

Question 14

Anger Reduction Therapy

INDIVIDUAL THEORIES

(Psychological Theories)

Answer 14

Practicing strategies that help manage and modify emotional outbursts

Question 15

Cognitive Behavioural Theory

INDIVIDUAL THEORIES

(Psychological Theories)

Answer 15

Re-conditioning a response and stimulus association to effect an associated behaviour

Question 16

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Structural Theories)

Answer 16

Improving social support and welfare –>
Making sure that:
- Housing is affordable
- Work is available

All create the perceptions off success which off success which off sets the need for counter-culture and rebellion / deviance against society

Question 17

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Interactionist Theories)

Answer 17

‘Restorative Justice’ (social rehab)

In prison offenders are taught that their life outside prison is a ‘fresh start’ and are helped to re-socialise before release. This can be done through - work schemes and community outreach

Outside of prison offence is aged by lowering the tariff for common, smaller crimes changing the idea of wrong doing and encouraging the potential to change.

Question 18

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Realism)

Answer 18

Penal population

Introducing harsh sentences to deter offence as well as assume the public crime is being handled

Question 19

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

(Realism)

Answer 19

Environmental control

By using devices and the design of public spaces. Specific crimes can be mitigated

E.g. Ticket barriers
Speed cameras
Youth Sonars