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Criminology A-Level > Dates and Important info > Flashcards

Dates and Important info Flashcards

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1
Q

Public Perception

A

This shows how laws can actively change the norms and values of what seems acceptable and harmful over time

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2
Q

When was the first drink driving law passed?

A

1925 - making drink driving a crime but there was no definition of ‘drunk’ and no legal limit.

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3
Q

When was the first breathalyser Introduced for roadside use?

A

1968

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4
Q

How much did advertising campaigns reduce deaths and injuries by?

A

1,100 deaths and over 11,000 injuries

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5
Q

When was the compulsory 5 year sentence introduced for drink driving?

A

1991 and the sentence was increased to 14 years in 2014

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6
Q

What is the ‘THINK’ campaign 2014 survey show?

A

91% people agreed drink driving was unacceptable
92% said they would be ashamed if they ever committed the offence

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7
Q

Demographics

A

This concerns making laws that creates and acceptance of the diversity of cultures and backgrounds in the UK

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8
Q

How many non-white people live in UK in 1945

A

Fewer than 20,000
Main immigrant groups were both white: Irish and Jews

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9
Q

What is direct discrimination?

A

When someone treats you less favourably e.g. race

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10
Q

What is indirect discrimination?

A

When there is a policy or a rule that applies to everyone, but it has a worse effect on some groups than others

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11
Q

What is the Race Relations Act 1976?

A

Makes it unlawful to discriminate against someone due to their racial background in employment, education, housing and in the provision of goods and service

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12
Q

When was the Equality Act passed?

A

2010 and legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and wider society

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13
Q

What piece of legislation does the Equality Act 2010 bring together?

A
  • Sex Discrimination Act 1975
  • Race Relations Act 1976
  • Disability Discrimination Act 1995
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14
Q

Cultural Shift

A

These laws change the acceptability and reduce stigma around practices in society.

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15
Q

What was Homosecuality seen as before 1960s?

A

Was confined as immoral or sinful and severely punished by the law.

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16
Q

In 1954 how many men were in prison for being gay?

A

Over 1,000 men

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17
Q

When was Same Sex Marriage legalised

A

2013

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18
Q

What was transsexualism regarded as?

A

A mental disorder

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19
Q

Has there been a change in attitudes?

A

Yes but not all over the world (could be argued it is regressing)

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20
Q

What act protects the Trans community

A

Equality Act 2010 - Gender is different to Sex
Gender reassignment is also a protected characteristic

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21
Q

How old was Sarah Payne?

A

8 years old when she was kidnapped, raped and murdered by Roy Whiting in 2001

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22
Q

Who led the Sarah campaign?

Study These Flashcards
A

Her mother Sara

23
Q

What was the name of Sarah’s Law and when was it passed?

Study These Flashcards
A

Child Sex Offender Disclosure 2011

24
Q

Who killed Clare Wood?

Study These Flashcards
A

Murdered by her former partner, George Appleton, 2009

25
Who led Clare's Campaign?
Michel Brown - lobbied the Government
26
What was Clare's law called and when was it introduced?
Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme, 2014
27
How old was Stephen Lawrence and when was he murder?
In 1993 at the age of 18 years old
28
What law was abolished because of the Stephen Lawrence Campaign?
Abolition of the Double Jeopardy Law, 2003
29
When was The Firearms Act introduced?
1997
30
When was the Dunblane massacre?
1996 by Thomas Hamilton killing 16 children and a teacher
31
When did Portugal decriminalise Drugs?
2001 seen as an illness
32
How much did the deaths drop in Portugal?
75%
33
What law in England makes drug illegal?
Misses of Drugs Act 1971
34
Where is Polygamy legal?
Malaysia
35
What are The 2 stages of the Preconventional level (childhood) - decisions based primary on self-interest and avoiding punishment Moral Development
Stage 1: OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT ORIENTATION - avoiding punishment e.g. not taking cookies because they fear being punished Stage 2: SELF-INTEREST ORIENTATION - personal benefit e.g. cleans toys to get reward
36
What are the 2 stages of the Conventional level (Adolescence and Adulthood) - decisions guided by social expectations and societal order Moral Development
Stage 3: INTERPERSONAL ACCORD AND CONFORMITY - meeting social expecting e.g. teenager volunteer at charity because friends think highly of it Stage 4: AUTHORITY AND MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER - obeying laws and maintaining social order
37
What are the 2 stages of the Postconventional level (Advanced Moral Reasoning) - decisions guided by higher ethical principles and individual rights beyond societal laws Moral Development
Stage 5: SOCIAL CONTRACT AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS - social agreements and prioritizing human life e.g. peaceful protest for human rights, despite potential legal consequences Stage 6: UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE - universal ethical principles - justice, human rights e.g. whistleblower exposes corruption in their company, recognizing the greater good outweighs personal risk
38
3 factors that are the product of crime: BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS Right Realist
BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS - more likely to commit crime if the posses criminal traits
39
3 factors that are the product of crime: INADEQUATE SOCIALISATION Right Realist
INADEQUATE SOCIALISATION - families not teaching children the correct values and self control (Murray - Nuclear Family)
40
3 factors that are the product of crime: OFFENDING IS A RATIONAL CHOICE Right Realist
OFFENDING IS A RATIONAL CHOICE - the perceived cost of computing the crime & thought to be low
41
Lea and Young 3 related causes of crime: RELATIVE DEPRIVATION Left Realist
RELATIVE DEPRIVATION - how deprived someone is in relation to others. 1. media pumping messages 2. society unequal
42
Lea and Young 3 related causes of crime: SUBCULTURE Left Realist
SUBCULTURE - a group's way of solving the problem of relative deprivation.
43
Lea and Young 3 related causes of crime: MARGINALISATION Left Realist
MARGINALISATION - lack organisation and lack clearly defined goals
44
Reasons for Differential Association: EXPOSURE TO PROCRIMINAL NORMS
EXPOSURE TO PROCRIMINAL NORMS - In environments where criminal behaviour is common, individuals learn to see deviance as ordinary
45
Reasons for Differential Association: NORMALIZATION OF CRIMINAL RATIONALIZATION
NORMALIZATION OF CRIMINAL RATIONALIZATION - Individuals can be taught justifications or excuses for deviant behaviour
46
Reasons for Differential Association: REINFORCEMENT THROUGH GROUP DYNAMICS
REINFORCEMENT THROUGH GROUP DYNAMICS - Groups with a strong presence of deviant behaviour fosters an environment where criminality is expected
47
What is a pressure group?
Pressure groups are organisations that lobby politicians for change at a governmental level
48
Pressure Groups INQUEST
This group lobbied the Government to take state related deaths and accountability for events like Grenfell towers.
49
What cause do they focus on? INQUEST
- INQUEST focuses on stated-related deaths, such as those of people in police custody and prison - It has been involved in many inquests included the deaths in the Grenfell Tower fire
50
How do INQUEST achieve change to policy making? INQUEST
- Casework: carrying out specialist casework to support bereaved people so they can establish the truth about a death - Accountability: aims to ensure that state institutions are held accountable when they fail to safeguard those in their care - Research: conducting research and using its information to press public bodies for change
51
What impact to policy has this pressure group had? INQUEST
- One example… Extending the 2007 Corporate Manslaughter Act to cover deaths in the custody of public authorities (previously it only covered businesses)
52
What are Biological Theories policy development?
- Criminal profiling - Eugenics - Alcohol Abuse treatment - Heroin Abuse treatment - Chemical Castration - Managing Prisoners - Diet - Surgery - Crowd Control and Public Order Offences
53
What are Individual Theories policy development?
- Psychological Screening - Token Economies - Aversion Therapy - Anger Reduction Therapy - Cognitive Behavioural Theory
54
What are Sociological Theories policy development?
- Improving Social Support and Welfare - Restorative Justice (Social Rehab) - Penal Population - Environmental Control

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