CRJS 222 Chapter 5

Question 1

Vigilantism

Answer 1

1. The use of volunteer, self-appointed committees organized to suppress crime and punish criminals.
2. Flourished from mid 1700s to about 1900.
3. Historically enforced the norms of society rather than the law.

Question 2

Slave Patrols

Answer 2

1st publicly funded city police departments– to keep slaves from rebelling or running away.

Question 3

The English Model (EM)

Answer 3

Policing in England (London Metropolitan Police Department) featured a decentralized or local patrol force, limited authority, the mission of preventing crime, and a quasimilitary organizational structure.

Question 4

EM - Frankpledge

Answer 4

Peacekeeping system in early England in which a group of 10 local families agreed to maintain the peace and make sure lawbreakers were taken into custody and brought to court.

Question 5

EM- Watch System

Answer 5

System in which particular men were assigned the job of watchmen and became responsible for patrolling the streets, lighting lanterns, serving as a lookout for fires, and generally keeping order. Replaced Frankpledge system.

Question 6

Metropolitan Police Department

Answer 6

Sir Robert Peel - had clear hierarchical structure ranks of command (Sergeants, lieutenants, captains). Also known as “bobbies”. They wore uniforms that made them identifiable. (limited authority)

Question 7

EM- Prevention Patrol

Answer 7

Officers maintaining a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes.
-The U.S. police gained legitimacy from being “of” the people, particularly of the same ethnic background.

Question 8

Minutemen

Answer 8

Members of teams from Massachusetts that were well-prepared militia companies of select men from the American colonial partisan militia during the American Revolutionary War.

Question 9

Texas Rangers

Answer 9

1. The oldest state-level law enforcement agency in the U.S.
2. The state police of Texas, originally formed in the 19th century to defend outlying regions against Indians and Mexicans and to fight lawlessness.

Question 10

Tribunal Police

Answer 10

Any person in the employ of one of the federally recognized sovereign tribal governments, whose traditional lands and territories lie within the borders of the state of Washington, to enforce the criminal laws of that government.

Question 11

Political Era: Patronage-Based Policing

Answer 11

1. 1840s-1920s
2. Locally political bosses selected members of their party to be police officers as a reward for party loyalty.
3. Role was to control undesirable immigrants, maintain order, and provide a variety of social services.
4. Officers received little if any training.
5. Use of force was common.

Question 12

Profession Era: The Police as Law Enforcers

Answer 12

1. Later 1029s-1970s
2. Began in response to the many problems of the political era and major reforms
   - Formal hierarchical government agencies created
   - Direct attempts to end corruption
   - Embraced science and new technologies
3. Law enforcement emerged as the primary function of police officers

Question 13

Community Policing Era: Working for–and with– the Public

Answer 13

1. 1970s to present time
2. Emphasizes crime prevention and focuses on developing positive relationships between the police and the public
3. Officers expected to cultivate positive relationships with individuals in the communities they serve
   - Shift from reactive to proactive police work

Question 14

Sheriffs’ Office

Answer 14

1. Tend to serve larger areas and fewer people

2. Typically police counties in which no city provides law enforcement services

Question 15

Police Departments

Answer 15

1. Serve smaller, urban areas and more people
2. Outnumber sheriffs’ offices by 4 to 1
3. Respond to violations of state penal codes and local ordinances and generally provide only temporary housing of arrested persons

Question 16

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

Answer 16

Deals with violations of federal statutes

Question 17

Department of Justice (DOJ)

Answer 17

1. The chief federal law enforcement department
2. Provides federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime
3. FBI: mission is to protect and defend the US against terrorism and foreign intelligence threats and to uphold and enforce the nation’s criminal laws

Question 18

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

Answer 18

Mission is the enforce the nation’s laws and regulations governing controlled substances

Question 19

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)

Answer 19

Enforcing federal laws, regulating the firearms and explosives industries, and investigating and reducing crimes involving firearms, acts of arson, and the illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products.

Question 20

U.S. Marshal’s Service

Answer 20

Apprehend federal fugitives, protect the federal judiciary, operate the Witness Security Program, transport federal prisoners, and seize property acquired by criminals through illegal activities.

Question 21

Recruitment

Answer 21

Agencies must find qualified applicants, but face significant challenges

1. Better-paying jobs outside law enforcement
2. Negative publicity over matters like alleged discrimination in arrests and excessive use of force
3. Very high demand for officers

Question 22

Selection Process

Answer 22

1. More professional after the input of major studies
2. Some departments still advertise the adventure aspect over community service, contributing to a siege mentality.
3. Background checks are vital.

Question 23

Demographics of Candidates

Answer 23

1. Greater disparity is in gender; some departments reluctant to hire women.
2. There is a long history of discrimination against African Americans
3. Improvement in both areas over time, but disparities remain.

Question 24

Training

Answer 24

1. States have special training academies

2. Each state has its own training requirements

Question 25

Training Curricula

Answer 25

1. Rookies receive basic recruit training, then training in the field under a senior officer 2. Adult learning is rapidly replacing the traditional lecture form of academy instruction 3. Stimulation-based training uses technology to simulate field conditions

Question 26

Police Subculture

Answer 26

A set of norms and beliefs held by most officers in a given country

Question 27

Police Organizational subculture

Answer 27

Norms and beliefs particular to an individual department 1. Officers must support each other A.) "Blue code of silence" places loyalty to fellow officers above all other values

Question 28

Police Discretion

Answer 28

Authority to act in a manner that officers judge most appropriate for a given situation.

Question 29

Police Discretion Advantages

Answer 29

1. Allows officers to act in the most just manner in a given situation 2. Allows officers to decide where to focus their energies

Question 30

Police Discretion Disadvantages

Answer 30

1. Susceptible to the temptation to abuse the authority of discretion 2. Possibility that decisions could be influence by race, ethnicity, class, gender, or sexuality.

Question 31

Abuse of Authority (AoA) (Misuse of Authority)

Answer 31

Police disregard for policies, rules, or laws in the performance of their duty. 1. Officers who misuse their authority may face criminal prosecution 2. Police departments and cities can also be civilly liable for failures to act.

Question 32

AoA- Noble Cause

Answer 32

Justification for wrongdoing committed by an officer based on the premise that the end justifies the means

Question 33

Police Corruption (PC)

Answer 33

Misuse of authority for personal gain, such as skimming seized narcotics monies.

Question 34

PC - Organizational Explanations for Police Corruption

Answer 34

Corruption attributed to the police occupational subculture, especially the "code of silence".

Question 35

PC- Individual Explanations for Police Corruption

Answer 35

There are many individual factors that might contribute to an officer engaging in corrupt activities.