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Psychology Test 3 > Cross-Cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Cross-Cultural Psychology Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

Unwritten rules and learned behaviour

  • shared way of life
  • members co-exist/survive
  • artefacts, rituals, food, clothes, housing, social structures
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2
Q

What is the importance of culture?

A

Shapes awareness of the world

FIlter through which we see/understand our current reality

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3
Q

Why is culture difficult to define?

A
  • facets interrelated/closely related
  • relatively stable but also dynamic - evolving
  • NOT homogenous
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4
Q

What is enculturation?

A

process of absorbing and internalising the rules of the culture we live in

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5
Q

What is acculturation?

A

assimilation to different culture - typicallt the dominant one

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6
Q

What is assimilation?

A

abandonment of traditional culture

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7
Q

What is fusion?

A

combing 2 cultures to form a new one

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8
Q

What is alternation?

A

bicultural competence/multiculturalism

maintaining distinct cultural identities within single multicultural structure

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9
Q

What are the 2 different types of cultural psychologists?

A
  1. cultural psychologists - study of the way people are affected by their culture
  2. cross-cultural pscyhologists - compares sims/diffs in behaviour across cultures
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10
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Emic perspective

A
  • focus on 1 culture/culture specific
  • thorugh the eyes of the people
  • cultural psychologists
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11
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Etic perspective

A
  • commonalities/differences across cultures
  • is the behaviour culture specific or universal?
  • cross-cultural psychologists
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12
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Goldberger & Veroff

A

approaches to research - etic

  1. study cultures to determine relationships
  2. compare behaviour
  3. interaction between cultures that co-exist
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13
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Ember & Ember

A

research relies on assumption that comparison is possible because identifiable behaviour can be oberserved

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14
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Challenges

A
  1. research methods
  2. equivalent samples
  3. interpreting results
  4. research bias
  5. sensitive issues
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15
Q

What is good psychology research?

A

objective measurement

theoretical framework

standardised procedure

generalisability

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16
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

How is cultural variability measured?

A

individualism - collectivism continuum

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17
Q

Time perspectives

Monochronic cultures

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A

time divided into linear segments

closely regulated

= punctual, one task at a time, created plans ahead

USA, Australia, Germany, NZ, Switzerland

18
Q

Time perspectives

Polychronic cultures

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A

time more fluid

less regulated

= unpunctual, many tasks at once, fast/loose with time

Spain, India, Indigenous Australians

19
Q

Dimensions of culture

Cultural display rules

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A

display rules = appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in social settings

  1. interpersonal space
  2. intimate space
  3. social/consultative space
  4. public space
20
Q

Dimensions of culture

Low context cultures

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A

interpret actions/words literally

21
Q

Dimensions of culture

High context cultures

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A

attention to nonverbal signs to decode real meanings

22
Q

Dimensions of culture

Tight cultures

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A

group members expected to closely adhere to cultural norms and expectations

23
Q

Dimensions of culture

Loose cultures

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A

norms either unclear or deviance from them is tolerated

24
Q

What is multiculturalism?

What does this look like in Australia?

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A

Dominant culture + minority cultures

1/4 population born oversears, >40% have 1+ parent born overseas

25
What is pluralism?
right to retain cultural heritage
26
Brief history of multiculturalism in Australia
* ATSI 60,000+ years, original inhabitants * 1788 British invasion * 1850 Gold Rush (chinese/indian) * WW2 - european migration * until 1960 White Aust. Policy * 1970s middle Eastern/Asian migration * 1990s NZ residents
27
What are Australia's two migration approaches?
1. skilled migrants/family migrants 2. humanitarian programs - refugees, asylum seekers
28
Impact of multiculturalism on Australia
policy goal by govt (1999 - John Howard) conflict between different cultures NOW - one of the most multicultural countries + enrichment, social stability - stereotyping, ehtnocentrism, prejudice, racism, discrimination
29
What is cultural shock?
disorientation + anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter/adapt to another coping with language, unwritten rules, social structures, political structures, legislative processes
30
What are the 4 stages of culture shock?
1. honeymoon phase 2. disenchantment phase 3. beginning resolution phase 4. effective functioning stage
31
Cultural stereotypes
positive AND negative normal - way to process/categorise info (mental categorisation) some have basis in facts BUT some untrue neg stereotypes = damage intercultural relationships, distort reality
32
Cultural stereotypes Negative impacts
* accentuate group different - us vs them, ignore similarities * create selective thinking - one see what reinforces stereotype * assume homogeneity in other groups - assume everyone in that group is the same
33
What is ethnocentrism?
tendency for own culture to influence how they view the rest of the world use of values, standards, behaviours as a yardstick natural + understandable - own culture 'normal', bond within group
34
What is prejudice?
neg stereotypes about members of other groups (ethnic, race, nationality) often unable to recognise own ethnocentrism/stereotypical thinking dec prejudice = legislative action, cooperative tasks
35
What is racism?
prejudice + different/unfair treatment of groups physical/social features (skin, clothing) 'old fashion' racism/prejudice VS 'modern' racism/prejudice
36
Indigenous Psychology Objectives
develop psych methods/research that is not imposed psych that is influenced by the context develop from within the culture psychology that results in lovalled relevant psych knowledge
37
Indigenous Psychology European occupation of Australia
'social darwinism' belief of biological inferiority - entrenched in social/poltical structures * 1840s protectionist/segregation policies * 1950-70s assimilation * 1965 freedom ride * 1967 recognised as citizens
38
Indigenous Psychology Promoting cross-cultural interactions _Education and culture_
education systems meet needs of environment Western (formalised), ATSI (learning by observing) need for inclusive learning environment understanding difficulties important for education in multicultural settings
39
Indigenous Psychology Promoting cross-cultural interactions Communication and culture
cultural differences can influence all components of communication process high context cultures ATSI - nonverbal com. prevalent, com more implict, less formal perception of time
40
What is cultural competence?
person's effectiveness in communicating/behaving appropriately with people from another culture
41
Culturally competent professionals
understanding + practical application of this knowledge ethical responsibility cultural respect can determine services effectiveness, way the service is presented/conduct themselves
42
Culturally competent professionals Indigenous Australians
culture may impact perception of service, how ATSI commuinication and willingness to access display certain levels of _respect_ and _understanding_ of aboriginal culture

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