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Psychology Test 3 > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursure some things and avoid other

  • makes us act the way we do
  • needs, wants, interests, desires = emergise/direct behaviour
  • starts, directs, maintains, stops behaviours
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2
Q

Origins of motives & motives reflect

Biological

A

limited in range - shared by all

related to reproduction and survival

Eg: eating

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3
Q

Origins of motives & motives reflect

Psychosocial

A

wide variety between individuals/cultures

Eg: comfort, love, need for relatedness

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4
Q

Motivation

Psychodynamic Perspective

2 basic drives and 2 other motives

A

emphasises biological basis of motivation

Frued: motivated by drives (internal tensions that build until they are satisfied)

2 basic drives: SEX & AGGRESSION

Now 2 other motives: NEED FOR RELATEDNESS & SELF-ESTEEM

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5
Q

Motivation

Psychodynamic Perspective

Wishes & Fears

A

clinical observation

WISHES = representation of a desired state (emotion/arousal)

FEARS = undesired state (unpleasant feelings)

Standardised wish and fear list

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6
Q

Motivation

Psychodynamic Perspective

Unconscious motives

A

motives can be unconscious

conscious (explicit) motives can override unconscious (implicit) ones

thematic apperception test (TAT) - projective test, reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts

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7
Q

Motivation

Behaviourist Perspective

A

theory of operant conditioning

intneral state of organism influences reinforcement

motivated behaviour expressed:

DRIVES = internal states that arise in response to disequilibrium (arousal)

HOMEOSTASIS

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8
Q

Motivation

Behaviourist Perspective

Drive Reduction Theory

A

motivation stems from drive + reinforcement - based on concept of homeostasis

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9
Q

What is a primary drive?

A

innate or biological drive

hunger, thirst, sex

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10
Q

What is a secondary drive?

A

learned through conditioning/learning/modelling

originally neutral stimulus comes to be associated with drive reduction

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11
Q

What is an incentive?

A

behaviours motivated by presence of external stimulus or reward

control much of human behaviour

stimuli activate drive states rather than eliminate

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12
Q

Motivation

Evolutionary Perspective

A

20th C - behaviour motivated by instincts

Now - behaviour varies across cultures/individuals

behaviour is flexible = learning NOT instinct motivates behaviour

environment is important + reinforcement crucial

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13
Q

What are instincts?

A

fixed patterns of behaviour without learning

preprogrammed tendencies

essential for survival

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14
Q

Motivation

Evolutionary Perspective

Power & Love

A

motives that emerged in cross-cultural research

POWER = dominate rituals, establish status, protect their ‘turf’

LOVE = basic motive across cultures, caring for offspring, mates, kin, friends

motives related to mating (sexual motivation), parental care

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15
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Expectancy Value Theory

A

motivation explained by VALUE people put on an outcome + whether they THINK they can achieve it

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16
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Goal Setting Theories

A

GOALS = desired outcomes established through social learning

Eg: good marks or making good impression

conscious goals regulate much of behaviour

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17
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Intrinsic Motivation

A

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION = motivation to perform a behaviour for its own sake rather than for some kind of reward

rewards can stifle intrinsic pleasure in learning

rewards/threats/deadlines tend to compromise sense of autonomy

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18
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Self-Determination

A

SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY = 3 innate needs and intrinsic motivation flourishes when needs are fulfilled rather than compromised

degree to which behaviour itself is motivated/determined - useful for culturally appropriate measures

  1. competence
  2. autonomy
  3. relatedness to others
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19
Q

What are expectancies?

(motivation)

A

expectations about things we value and behaviours necessary to produce them

central to cognitive accounts of learning, motivation, personality

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20
Q

Motivation

Humanistic Perspective

A

Maslow - dignity, individual choice, self-worth key in explaining human behaviour

Motivated by: desire of personal growth, reaching for full potential

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21
Q

Motivation

Humanistic Perspective

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

lower levels must be fulfilled first before higher needs guide behaviour

many behaviours reflect multiple needs

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22
Q

Motivation

Humanistic Perspective

ERG Theory (Alderfer)

A
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23
Q

Motivation

What is eating?

A

motivation to eat biologically based

eat in response to signals

consume food = energy, minderal, vitamins

ingenstion = metabolic events

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24
Q

Motivation: Eating

What is metabolism?

A

process of food into energy

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25
Motivation: Eating What are the phases of the metabolic event?
1. Absorptive Phase - ingested food, short term stores = carbs, glucose to glycogen, liver, long term stores = fats/lipids, skin, abdomen 2. Fasting Phase - not eating, stores to energy, glycogen to glucose
26
Motivation: Eating Physiology of eating
homeostasis detects/corrects the system ***regulation of food intake - detect internal food need, initiate/organise eating behaviour, monitor quality/quantity of food, sufficient ingestion = satiety***
27
Motivation: Eating Physiology of eating - homeostasis and other mechnisms involved
*_homeostasis_: detect/correct to desired state _set point_ - optimal level _feedback mechanisms_ - info about variables being regulated _corrective mechanisms_ - restore to set point* satiety mechanisms - turns off ingestion behaviour central (brain) + peripheral (stomach) mechanisms
28
Motivation: Eating What turns hunger on?
dec levels of glucose/lipids - body uses long term stores signals from liver/brain receptors converge in brainsteam = hunger
29
Motivation: Eating Role of Hypothalamus
* *_lateral hypothalamus_** - switching on eating behaviour * *_ventromedial hypothalamus_** - switches off eating both regions require input from brainstem (blood glucose, taste, smell) theory based off research on rats, destruction of lateral made rats eat less/destruction of ventromedial led to obesity
30
Motivation: Eating External cues in eating
desire for food - hunger, palatability, taste = mediated by neural pathways/neurotransmitters * food palatability - tasty food can motivate eating * food variety - exposure to same food dec intake * time of day - conditioning, eat at same time * presence of others - meal size inc as group inc regulated by learning/habit
31
Motivation: Eating Turning hunger off
signals (taste/smell) - can be learned/innate feeling of satiety - stretch receptors in stomach & intestines detect levels of nutrients regulated by protein leptin
32
Motivation Obesity
obesity = body weight 15% + above idea height/weight genes play role BUT not main cause - rurality, SES (developed = low SES, developing = high SES) way we **think** about food and **how** we eat are important restricted VS unrestricted eaters
33
Motivation Sexual behaviours/motivation
sexual motivation more variable driven by fantasies and hormones (54% men think about sex at least once a day, 19% of women) sexual revolution - Western society more liberal non human sex behaviours - androgen, estrogen, pheromones, ritualised
34
Motivation: Sexual behaviours Role of hormones
effects NS and behaviour **_ORGANISATIONAL_** = exert effects on circuitry of brain, prenatal, turns off femal development/androgens turn on male, estrogen lead to cognitive differences **_ACTIVATIONAL_** = brain circuitry in place, acticate brain circuits that produce psychobiological changes (secondary sex characteristics) puberty - hypothalamus - pituitary glands - hormones - activate testes/ovaries
35
Motivation: Sexual behaviours Role of hormones myths
does not equal sexual receptivity/gratification in humans, frequency/quality of sexual activity if it DOES fall below normal limit = affect sexual desire
36
Motivation: Sexual behaviours Sexual arousal
excitement/tension physiological/cognitive reations response to erotic stimuli
37
Motivation: Sexual behaviours Sexual response cycle
1. phase of excitement 2. plateau phase 3. orgasm 4. resolution
38
Motivation: Sexual behaviours Sexual norms/scripts
**_sexual norms_** - *culturally acquired* behaviours, considered appropriate **_sexual scripts_** - *socially learned* programs of sexual responsiveness that include expectations
39
Motivation: Sexual behaviours Psychological aspects of sexual behaviours
problems in sexual responses often have psychological basis: preoccupation with personal problems, fear of consequences, anxiety about performance, unconscious guilt, negative thoughts
40
Psychosocial motives - Achievement
psychosocial needs - personal/interpersonal motives for achievement, power, self esteem, affiliation, intimacy 2 clusters: relatedness, agency (achievement)
41
Psychosocial motives Need for achievement
(to do well, succeed, avoid failure) motives may be expressed selectively - hierarchically organised depending on motivation weight high level of need for achievement = choose mod difficult tasks, enjoy the challenge, avoid failure (avoidance), persistent (approach/mastery), enjoy succcess
42
Psychosocial motives Need for achievement - motives
1. performance approach - motivated to attain goal, concrete outcome 2. performance avoidance - motivated by fear of not attaining 3. mastery - motives to inc competence, mastery, skill
43
Psychosocial motives: achievement Attribution theory
high need for achievement - attribute success to ability, failure to forces beyond control 3 dimensions of attribution: internal vs external, stability vs instability, global vs specific
44
Emotion Defintion: Affect
pattern of obersvable behaviours that express an individuals emotion variable and fluctuating
45
Emotion Defintion: Mood
extended emotional states that do not shift attention/disrupt ongoing activities
46
Emotion Defintion: Emotion
evaluative response to a situation that typically includes: physiological arousal, subjective experience/cognitive processes, behavioural expression positive and negative
47
Emotion Evolutionary Perspective
Darwin - emotion serves as adaptive purpose, basic emotional expressions wired into organism through neural circuits (recognised cross-culturally) communicative function - regulate social behaviour, inc chance of survival signal readiness fight, flight, attend to others needs (postural, facial, nonverbal)
48
Emotion Evolutionary Perspective: Tomkins
Emotion is a powerful source of motivation - internal communication emotions + drives operate in tandem to motivate action = universality of emotional responses children prewired to respond to certain stimuli
49
Emotion Emotional/facial expressions and culture
r/ship between emotion/facial movements is uniform enough between individuals/cultures 6 universal expressions = surprise, happiness, fear, anger, disgust, sadness suggest: some emotions biologically linked not only to autonomic states but certain facial expressions
50
Emotion Define: emotional expression
overt behavioural signs of emotion facial expressions, posture, gestures, tone different expressions = different emotions
51
Emotion Define: facial expressions
indicate a persons emotional state + influence the phsiological/subjective components of the emotion
52
Emotion Define: display rules
patterns of emotions expression that are considered acceptable in a given culture some cultures worse at recognising certain emotions
53
Neuropsychology of emotion 1. Hypothalamus
converts emotional signals into autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic) and endocrine (hormone) responses electrical stimulation = attack, defence, flight **reactions WITH corresponding emotions**
54
Neuropsychology of emotion 2. Limbic system
**linking sensory stimuli with emotions/feelings** _amygdala_ connecs to _hippocampus_ (memory) - crucial role in associating sensory with feelings + detecting others emotions = adjust behaviour based on emotional reactions to objects/situations encountered
55
Neuropsychology of emotion 2. Limbic system System 1: processing
NO cortical involvement _Thalamus_ sends sensory info _directly to amygdala_ = immediate emotional response conditioning can occur **QUICK** response based on cursory reaction to stimulus (fewer synaptic connections)
56
Neuropsychology of emotion 2. Limbic system System 2: processing
amygdala connected to higher processing in cortex - thalamus sends info to cortex for thorough examination = cortex sends signals to amygdala **SLOWER** reaction, more cognitive appraisal **thalamus - cortex - amygdala**
57
Neuropsychology of emotion 3. Cortex
assessment of stimulus: safe/not interpretation of meanings of peripheral responses _frontal cortex_ - regulating facial displays _right hemisphere_ - emotional cues, producing facial displays _left frontal cortex_ - approach-related emotions _right frontal lobe_ - avoidance-related emotions
58
Theories of emotion William James
emotion rooted in bodily experience emotion inducing stimulus elicits visceral/gut reactions + voluntary behaviours (running/gesturing)
59
Theories of emotion James-Lange Theory
emotions originate in peripheral NS responses that the CNS then interprets
60
Theories of emotion Cannon-Bard Theory
stimulus produces simultaneous peripheral + subjective experience = emotion inducing stimuli (emotional experience + bodily response) stimulus - brain activation/processing - arousal/action/emotional feeling
61
Theories of emotion Schachter-Singer Theory
emotion involves 2 factors: physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation cognitive judgements/attribution is crucial to emotional experience
62
Emotion Cognitive Perspectives Define: attributions
process of making inferences about the causes of ones own/others thoughts, feelings, behaviour
63
Emotion Cognitive Perspectives Lazarus
**_Lazarus_** - appraisal occurs WITHOUT conscious thought peoples emotions reflect judgdments/appraisals of stimuli that confront them
64
Emotion Cognitive Perspectives Schacter-Singer
**_Schachter-Singer_** - cog judgements/attributions critical part of emotional experience (CONSCIOUS) experience of non-specific arousal = figure out what it means, use situational cues
65
Emotion Cognitive Perspectives
cognitive appraisals often underlie emotions - not only aspect cognition can influence emotion - emotion/mood infleunce ongoing thought/memory emotional states infleunce encoding/retrieval of info in LTM
66
Functions of emotion
motivation + attention social functions - positive emotions facilitate social interaction emotional effects on cog function emotions on memory: mood-state-dependent memory

Psychology Test 3 (4 decks)

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