Cross-Cultural Psychology

Question 1

What are the three hypotheses that explain the origins of culture?

Answer 1

• Terror management theory
• The creation of a shared reality
• An unintended by-product of interpersonal interaction

Question 2

What is nationality?

Answer 2

Defines the political entity to which a person owes loyalty

Question 3

What is race?

Answer 3

Some form of inherited physical make-up

Question 4

What is ethnicity?

Answer 4

A person’s historical group origins

Question 5

What is socialisation?

Answer 5

Deliberate shaping of an individual’s cultural self

Question 6

What is enculturation?

Answer 6

The process of learning about and participating in a culture

Question 7

True or False: culture is a term used to describe the group of people we are related to

Answer 7

False

Question 8

True or False: you can understand a person’s ethnicity most effectively by knowing what experiences and behaviours are linked to it

Answer 8

True

Question 9

True or False: enculturation is a process whereby a group deliberately teaches children and adolescents what the culture expects of them

Answer 9

False

Question 10

True or False: it is possible for a person to belong to more than one culture

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 11

The comparative study of behaviour in different cultures

Question 12

What are the theoretical issues of cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 12

Absolutism
Relativism
Universalism

Question 13

What is absolutism?

Answer 13

The assumption that psychological phenomena are the same across all cultures, and so culture plays little or no role in the meaning or display of human characteristics

Question 14

What is relativism?

Answer 14

The assumption that all human behaviour is culturally patterned. Human diversity is explained in terms of the culture in which a person has developed, and is assessed using the values and meanings a cultural group gives to phenomena.

Question 15

What is universalism?

Answer 15

The assumption that the basic psychological processes are common to the human species but culture influences the development and display of behaviour.

Question 16

True or False: the approach to culture which assumes that all psychological processes are common to all human beings is called relativism

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is acculturation?

Answer 17

The process of adapting to a culture other than the one originally identified with

Question 18

What are sojourners?

Answer 18

People who join a cultural group for a fixed period of time that is not seen to be permanent

Question 19

What are cultural syndromes?

Answer 19

The clusters of attitudes, values, customs and practices that characterise a culture

Question 20

What are Hofstede’s 5 value dimensions?

Answer 20

Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism-collectivism
Masculinity-femininity 
Long- vs short-term orientation

Question 21

What is the power distance value dimension?

Answer 21

Ways of dealing with equality

Question 22

What is the uncertainty avoidance value dimension?

Answer 22

The degree of tolerance of the unknown

Question 23

What is the individualism-collectivism value dimension?

Answer 23

The degree of integration of individual’s within groups

Question 24

What is masculinity-femininity value dimension?

Answer 24

Differences in the social roles of women and men

Question 25

What is the long- vs short-term orientation value dimension?

Answer 25

The degree to which delayed gratification of material, social and emotional needs is encouraged

Question 26

What are the different types of acculturation?

Answer 26

Integration Assimilation Separation Marginalisation

Question 27

What is integration?

Answer 27

A form of acculturation where the old culture is valued as well as the new

Question 28

What is assimilation?

Answer 28

A form of acculturation where the new culture is valued but not the old

Question 29

What is separation?

Answer 29

A form of acculturation where the old culture is valued but not the new

Question 30

What is marginalisation?

Answer 30

A form of acculturation where neither the new culture nor the old is valued

Question 31

What is culture shock?

Answer 31

The stressful and uncomfortable experience of encountering another culture

Question 32

What are the symptoms of culture shock?

Answer 32

1. Strain due to the effort required to make the necessary psychological adaptations 2. A sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in regard to friends, status, profession and possessions 3. Being rejected by and/or rejecting members of a new culture 4. Confusion in role, role expectations, values, feelings and self-identity 5. Surprise, anxiety, even disgust after becoming aware of cultural differences 6. Feelings of impotence due to not being able to cope with the new environment

Question 33

What are the phases of culture shock?

Answer 33

Honeymoon Crisis Recovery Adjustment

Question 34

What is the honeymoon phase of culture shock?

Answer 34

The initial reactions of euphoria, enchantment fascination and enthusiasm

Question 35

What is the crisis phase of culture shock?

Answer 35

Feelings of inadequacy, frustration,anxiety and anger

Question 36

What is the recovery phase of culture shock?

Answer 36

A period of crisis resolution and cultural learning

Question 37

What is the adjustment phase of culture shock?

Answer 37

The reflective enjoyment, and functional competence in, the new environment

Question 38

What is the U-shaped hypothesis?

Answer 38

The idea that acculturation starts with positive experiences, proceeds to negative and then returns to being positive over a course of time

Question 39

What is culture learning?

Answer 39

Acquiring an understanding of, and an ability to share in, the riles and conventions of a culture

Question 40

What is a locus of control?

Answer 40

The extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishes lie inside or outside of their control

Question 41

True or False: people who tend to stay with the American employer for much of their working life display low uncertainty avoidance

Answer 41

False

Question 42

True or False: assimilation occurs when a person values the cultural identity of a country they have moved to, and no longer values that of their former country

Answer 42

True

Question 43

True or False: a migrant who feels confused about their role and identity in their new country could be experiencing culture shock

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False: culture competency often results from learning about appropriate work and social skills that are needed in a new culture

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What is multicultural?

Answer 45

The existence of features of more than one culture in a group or an activity

Question 46

What is multiculturalism?

Answer 46

Set of social and political policies that maintain a multicultural society

Question 47

What is cultural distance?

Answer 47

The degree of similarity of values, attitudes, customs and practices between people of different cultures.

Question 48

What is prejudice?

Answer 48

Regarding one's in-group more favourably than their out-groups

Question 49

What is the social identification theory?

Answer 49

An explanation of how individuals and groups enhances their own self-esteem

Question 50

What is racism?

Answer 50

A form of discrimination based on the actual or perceived race of another person or group

Question 51

What is racial socialisation?

Answer 51

The process of educating and training people about the nature and consequences of racism

Question 52

True or False: Commonwealth multicultural policy includes the freedom for all Australians to live their lives in any way they choose

Answer 52

False

Question 53

True or False: cross-cultural research has allowed us to map the complete cultural psychology of many refugees and migrant groups

Answer 53

False

Question 54

True or False: psychologists are now working with other professionals to develop culturally appropriate health services in Australia

Answer 54

True

Question 55

True or False: current psychological research into prejudice pays a great deal of attention to contemporary sociopolitical attitudes

Answer 55

True