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Developmental Psychology Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Study of how behaviour changes over time

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2
Q

What is the post hoc fallacy?

A

False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused the event

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3
Q

What is a cross-sectional design?

A

A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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4
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

Effects observed in a sample of participants that result from individual’s in the sample growing up at the same time

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5
Q

What is a longitudinal design?

A

A research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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6
Q

What is the infant determinism myth?

A

The widespread assumption that extremely early experiences are almost always more influential that later experiences in shaping us as adults

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7
Q

What is the childhood fragility myth?

A

The assumption that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged

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8
Q

What is gene-environment interaction?

A

The situation where the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

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9
Q

What is nature via nurture?

A

The tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

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10
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

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11
Q

True or False: just because one event precedes a second event does not necessarily mean that it causes it

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: research shows that most children are passive recipients of their parents’ influence

A

False

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13
Q

True or False: most children exposed to severe stressors end up with healthy patterns of psychological adjustment

A

True

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14
Q

True or False: gene expression is predetermined at birth and doesn’t change in response to environmental experiences

A

False

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15
Q

What is adolescence?

A

The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

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16
Q

What is puberty?

A

The achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

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17
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A

Physical features, such as the reproductive organs and genitals, that distinguish the sexes

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18
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

Sex-differentiating characteristics that do not relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in females and deepening voices in males

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19
Q

What is menarche?

A

The start of menstruation

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20
Q

What is spermarche?

A

A boys’ first ejaculation

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21
Q

What is menopause?

A

The termination of menstruation, marking the end of a women’s reproductive potential

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22
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

The study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember

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23
Q

True or False: androgens cause changes in boys at puberty, whereas oestrogens cause changes in girls

A

False

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24
Q

True or False: elderly people’s hearing, sight and other senses decline, but their ability to learn new motor skills are still intact

A

False

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25
Who was the firs psychologist to propose a theory of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
26
What is equilibration?
The desire for children to achieve a balance between their experience of the world and their understanding of it
27
What is assimilation? (Development)
A Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
28
What is accommodation?
The Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
29
What are Piaget's stages of development?
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
30
What is the sensorimotor stage?
The stage in Piaget's theory characterised by a focus in the here-and-now without the ability to represent experiences mentally
31
What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
32
What is the preoperational stage?
The stage in Piaget's theory characterised by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them
33
What is egocentrism?
The inability to see the world from others' perspectives
34
What is conservation?
A Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
35
What is the concrete operational stage?
The stage in Piaget's theory characterised by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only
36
What is the formal operational stage?
The stage is Piaget's theory characterised by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning behind the here-and-now
37
The beginning of which stage is characterised by the formation of object permanence?
Preoperational
38
Which stage is characterised by egocentrism and the inability to conserve quantity?
Preoperational
39
What are the downfalls of Piaget's theory?
- Most of development is more continuous than stage-like - Young children may not be able to effectively verbalise there experiences - Does not take cultural differences into account
40
What was Vygotsky interested in?
How social and cultural factors influence learning
41
What is scaffolding?
A Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning, but gradually remove structure as the children become more competent
42
What is the zone of proximal development?
A phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
43
What age do babies begin to recognise themselves in a mirror?
Between one and one and a half
44
What age do children recognise themselves in photos?
Two years old
45
What age do children recognise themselves in videos?
Three years old
46
What is the theory of mind?
The ability to reason about what other people want, feel and think
47
On what tasks do younger people perform better than older people?
Recall memory tasks | Speed processing tasks
48
What tasks are not impaired with ageing?
Cued recall and recognition tasks Everyday activity memory Vocabulary Crystallised intelligence (accumulated knowledge)
49
True or False: Piaget argued that development was domain-general and continuous
False
50
True or False: Vygotsky's theory proposes that individual children vary in the age at which they achieve developmental readiness for particular cognitive abilities
True
51
True or False: the ability to count precise quantities is absent in some cultures
True
52
True or False: adolescents may not always make mature decisions about engaging in risky behaviours because their frontal lobes aren't fully mature
True
53
True or False: older adults perform worse than younger adults on tests that require memory for random lists of words, but perform better on tests of knowledge and vocabulary
True
54
What is stranger anxiety?
The fear of strangers developing at eight or nine months of age
55
What is temperament?
Basic emotional style than appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
56
What are the basic temperament styles?
Easy - adaptable and relaxed Difficult - fussy and easily frustrated Slow-to-warm-up - disturbed by new stimuli by gradually get used to them Behavioural inhibition - become afraid of unfamiliar stimuli
57
Which temperament style is at higher risk for being shy and/or anxious late in life?
Behavioural inhibition
58
Infants with low behaviour inhibition are at risk for what later in childhood?
Impulsive behaviour
59
What is attachment?
A strong emotional connection we share with those whom we feel closest
60
What is a critical period?
A specific window of time during which an event must occur for normal development
61
What is a sensitive period?
A window of time where the development of some behaviours is easier but not vital for normal development
62
What is contact comfort?
The positive emotion afforded by touch
63
What are the different styles of attachment?
Secure attachment Insecure-avoidant Insecure-anxious Disorganised attachment
64
What is secure attachment?
The infant reacts to mum's departure by becoming upset, but greets her return with joy
65
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
The infant reacts to mum's departure with indifference, and shows little reaction on her return
66
What is insecure-anxious attachment?
The infant reacts to the mum's departure with panic. He then shows a mixed emotional reaction on her return, simultaneously reaching for her yet squirming to get away after she picks him up
67
What is disorganised attachment?
Children with this pattern react to mum's departure and return with an inconsistent and confused set of responses
68
What are the different parenting styles?
Permissive Authoritarian Authoritative Uninvolved
69
What is the permissive parenting style?
Permissive parents tend to be lenient with their children, allowing them considerable freedom inside and outside the household. They use disciple sparingly, if at all, and often shower their children with affection.
70
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
Authoritarian parents tend to be strict with their children, giving their children little opportunity for free play or exploration, and punishing them when they don't response appropriately to their demands. They show little affection towards their children
71
What is the authoritative parenting style?
Authoritative parents combine the best features of both permissive and authoritarian worlds. They are supportive of their children but set clear and firm limits with them
72
What is the uninvolved parenting style?
Uninvolved parents tend to ignore their children, paying little attention to either their positive or negative behaviours
73
What is the average expectable environment?
An environment that provide children with basic needs for affection and appropriate discipline
74
What is self-control?
The ability to inhibit an impulse to act
75
What is a gender role?
A set of behaviours that tend to be associated with being male or female
76
What is gender identity?
An individuals' sense of being male or female
77
What is an identity?
Our sense of who we are, and our life goals and priorities
78
What is a psychosocial crisis?
A dilemma concerning an individual's relations to other people
79
What is emerging adulthood?
The period of life between the ages of 18 and 25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity and personality become solidified
80
What are the levels of Kohlberg's scheme of moral development?
Pre-conventional morality Conventional morality Post-conventional morality
81
What is pre-conventional morality?
Egocentric - how do the consequences affect me?
82
What is conventional morality?
Interaction with others - appreciating laws and rules
83
What is post-conventional morality?
Questioning how we interact with others and if it can be altered to benefit society
84
What is a midlife crisis?
A supposed phase of adulthood characterised by emotional distress about the ageing process and an attempt to regain youth
85
What is empty-nest syndrome?
An alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from their home
86
True or False: studies of contact comfort suggest that nourishment isn't the principal basis for attachment in primates
True
87
True or False: studies suggest that within the broad range of the average expectable environment, parenting style may not be a crucial determinant of children's development
True
88
True or False: gender differences don't emerge until parenting practices have the opportunity to influence children's behaviour
False
89
True or False: when evaluating Kohlberg's moral dilemmas, the answers people give are more important than the reasoning process they used to arrive at these answers
False
90
True or False: marriage and becoming a parent both exert an overall positive impact in adults' stress levels
False

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