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Crystals Flashcards

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1
Q

crystal precipitation after micturition is MC due to:

A

change in temp

change in pH

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2
Q

metabolic disorders may produce crystals: (4)

A

cysteine
leucine
tyrosine
cholesterol

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3
Q

____ light is used for identification of crystals and other anisotropic substances

A

polarized

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4
Q

crystals that are capable of rotating the plane of polarized light , enabling light to pass through the second perpendicular light are considered:

A

optically active

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5
Q

when examining with polarized filter and red compensating filter, crystals are YELLOW when aligned PARALLEL to the slow axis of red compensator; turn BLUE when aligned across direction of polarization

A

negative biofringence (Y-B)

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6
Q

when examining with polarized filter and red compensating filter, crystals are BLUE when aligned PARALLEL to the slow axis of red compensator; turn YELLOW when aligned across direction of polarization

A

positive biofriengence (B-Y)

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7
Q

normal crystal found in ACIDIC urine

A 
uric acid
amorphous urate
sodium urate
calcium oxalate
hippuric acid
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8
Q

crystal formed in urine at less than 5.5

A

uric acid

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9
Q

crystal that is a breakdown of purine nucleotides; usually amber color; vary in size and shape

A

uric acid

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10
Q

high uric acid may be due to: (6)

A 
gout
high purine diet
Lesch- Nyhan syndrome
cancer metastasis
rehabdomyolsis
myeloproliferative disorders
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11
Q

low uric acid levels may be due to (4)

A
  • inability of kidney to get rid of uric acid well
  • chronic glomerulonephritis
  • lead poisoning
  • LT chronic alcohol use
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12
Q

uric acid dissolves in _____; and is INSOLUBLE in (3)

A

alkali solution
alcohol
HCL
acetic acid

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13
Q

amorphous urate MC seen in _____ urine, especially after refrigeration; (4) salts considered amorphous urate

A 
acidic
Ca
Mg
K
Na
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14
Q

precipitate color of amorphous urates

A

pinkish-yellow or yellow-brown

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15
Q

crystal found in pH of 6.8-7

A

sodium urate

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16
Q

characteristics of sodium urate

A

colorless or yellow
needles or slender shape
no clinical significance

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17
Q

crystal seen in acidic urine - pH 6 or in neutral urine

A

calcium oxalate

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18
Q

crystal seen in people with high intake of nuts, tea, soy coca-cola, orange, beet, eggplants, tomatoes, asparagus, ascorbic acid

A

calcium oxalate

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19
Q

75% of all urinary tract stones consist of _____ crystals

A

oxalate crystals (calcium oxalate)

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20
Q

____ crystals are seen in patients with ACUTE renal failure due to ETHYLENE GLYCOL (ANTIFREEZE) intoxication

A

calcium oxalate

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21
Q

calcium oxalate dissolves in ___ & ____; INSOLUBLE in ____

A

NaOH
HCl
acetic acid

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22
Q

crystal that is rarely seen in urine; yellow-brown or clear prism or plates; very thin

A

hippuric acid

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23
Q

hippuric acid dissolves in ___ & ___; insoluble in ____

A

hot water
NaOH
acetic acid

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24
Q

(3) crystals commonly found in alkaline urine

A

triple phosphate
calcium carbonate
ammonium biurate

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25
triple phosphate AKA
magnesium ammonium phosphate | strivites
26
triple phosphate crystals are present in ____% of urinary calculi
10-15%
27
(3) conditions in which triple phosphate crystals may be seen in urine
1 patients with UTI caused by urea-splitting bacteria, such as proteus mirabilis (vulgarism) 2 urine of patients with triple stores - sturvites 3 significant leukocyturia and bacteruria
28
triple phosphate dissolves in _____
acetic acid
29
crystal found in alkaline urine that bubbles with HCl or acetic acid
calcium carbonate
30
crystal found in urine at pH 9; abnormal if found in freshly voided urine
ammonium biurate
31
crystal termed "thorned apple"
ammonium biurate
32
ammonium biurate dissolves in (3)
acetic acid NaOH when heated
33
abnormal crystals of metabolic origin (4)
cystine tyrosine leucine cholesterol
34
abnormal crystal found in urine at pH less than 6
cystine
35
cystine crystal signify abnormality in metabolism of ______
AA cystine
36
cystine crystals are present in patients with _____, which is _____ defect in renal cystine cycle; MC cause of _____ in KIDS
cystinuria genetic kidney stones
37
cystine may fill ______ system, resulting in formation of ______
renal collecting system | staghorn
38
cystine may be confused with _______, but _______ polarize light
uric acid crystals | cystine does NOT polarize light (uric acid is multi-colored- negative briefringerence)
39
cystine crystals produce ____ color in nitroprusside reaction (Acetest)
red
40
cystine dissolves in (3)
HCl NaOH Ammonium Hydroxide
41
cystine is insoluble in (3)
acetic acid alcohol ether
42
tyrosine is formed in ____ urine; found in ________ disorders along with _____
acidic severe liver disorders (metabolism is impaired and associated with tyrosinemia) leucine
43
presence of tyrosine is usually accompanied by + biochemical test for _______ as well as presence of _____ crystals in sediment
bilirubin | leucine crystals
44
colorless to yellow-brown single needles; may be seen as sheaves or rosettes
tyrosine
45
tyrosine dissolves in (3)
HCl NaOH when heated
46
tyrosine is insoluble in (3)
acetic acid alcohol ester
47
leucine is formed in _____ urine
acidic
48
yellow-brown oily-looking spheroids with concentric rings around outer edge and radial striations in center; may look like grapefruit ring
leucine
49
leucine may indicate
maple syrup urine disease
50
_____ polarizes light into pseudo-Maltese cross and outer edge may resemble ____
leucine | crushed diamond
51
Leucine dissolves in (2)
NaOH | when heated
52
Leucine is insoluble in (3)
acetic acid HCl ether
53
Cholesterol is formed in _____ pH of urine
acidic
54
free fat degradation of RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
cholesterol
55
cholesterol may be present in (2)
Glomerulonephritis- the nepHROTIC syndrome
56
cholesterol crystals are accompanied by
- positive biochemical test for protein - oval fat bodies - fatty casts - free fat droplets in urine
57
characteristics of cholesterol crystals
colorless, large, flat, rectangular, NOTCHED corners
58
cholesterol dissolves in (3)
chloroform ether hot alcohol
59
cholesterol is insoluble in (2)
dilute acids | dilute alkali
60
bilirubin crystals formed in ____ urine; yellow-brown needles or granules; may be present in bilirubinuria; frequently attached to _____
acidic | surface of cells
61
bilirubin crystals dissolve in (6)
``` acetic acid HCl NaOH Acetone Chloroform Ether ```
62
bilirubin crystals are insoluble in (1)
alcohol
63
(3) abnormal crystals of iatrogenic origin
drugs supplements radiographic contrast media
64
sulfonamide drugs are formed in ____ pH; could result in ____ damage while precipitating out the nephron
acidic | renal
65
sulfonamide crystals dissolve in (2)
acetic acid | NaOH
66
sulfonamide crystals are insoluble in (1)
dilute acetic acid
67
if drugs and supplement crystals are found in urine usually formed in _____ pH
acidic
68
radiologic contrast media
renografin | hypaque
69
radiologic contrast media look like
elongated rectangles; may look similar to cholesterol crystals
70
(3) types of confusing artifacts
starch talc glass fragments
71
confusing artifact that is round, oval or refractile; hexagonal but usually has indentation
starch
72
starch crystals _____ light into Maltese cross, but WITHOUT ______
polarize light | without outer edge resembling crushed diamonds (differs from leucine)

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