Urine

Question 1

pigment that gives urine its characteristic yellow color

Answer 1

urochrome (urobilin)

Question 2

3 pathologic conditions that may cause WHITE urine

Answer 2

chyle (milky body composed of lymph, emulsified fats or free FA)
lipids
pyuria (many WBCs)

Question 3

2 non pathologic conditions for WHITE urine

Answer 3

phosphates

vaginal creams

Question 4

2 pathologic conditions that may cause yellow to amber/orange urine color

Answer 4

urobilin (excessive)

bilirubin

Question 5

4 non-pathologic conditions that cause yellow to amber/orange urine color

Answer 5

carrots
concentrated foods
food color
B vit complex

Question 6

2 pathologic causes for yellow to green urine

Answer 6

biliverdin

bilirubin

Question 7

4 pathologic causes for red/pink urine

Answer 7

RBCs
hemoglobin
myoglobin
porphyrin

Question 8

2 non-pathologic causes for red/pink urine

Answer 8

beets

food color

Question 9

1 pathologic condition for red/purple urine color

Answer 9

porphyrin

Question 10

2 pathologic conditions for red/brown urine

Answer 10

methemoglobin

myoglobin

Question 11

5 pathologic conditions for brown to black urine

Answer 11

bilirubin
methemoglobin
myoglobin
melanin
homogentistic acid (alkapton)

Question 12

1 non-pathologic condition for brown to black urine

Answer 12

iron compounds

Question 13

2 pathologic conditions for blue to green urine

Answer 13

biliverdin

pseudomonas infxn

Question 14

3 non-pathologic conditions for blue to green urine

Answer 14

vit B12
thymole
diuretic therapy

Question 15

if clarity of urine has a white color, may indicate

Answer 15

amorphous phosphate precipitate

Question 16

if clarity of urine has a pink color (uroerythrin), may indicate

Answer 16

amorphous urate precipitate

Question 17

cloudy urine may be due to:

Answer 17

leukocytes
bacteria
epithelial cells

Question 18

hazy urine may be due to:

Answer 18

mucus

Question 19

smoky/turbin urine may be due to:

Answer 19

RBCs

Question 20

milky urine may be due to:

Answer 20

fat

chyle

Question 21

(2) pathological conditions for clear urine

Answer 21

very dilute

polyuria (DM or DI)

Question 22

non-pathologic condition for clear urine

Answer 22

over-hydrated

Question 23

(6) pathological conditions for hazy to cloudy to turbid urine

Answer 23

varying degrees of casts
cells
crystals and calculi
fat
microorganisms
fecal contamination (?)

Question 24

(6) non-pathological conditions for hazy to cloudy to turbid urine

Answer 24

creams, lotions
crystals
mucus
radiographic dyes
powders
fecal contamination (?)

Question 25

pathologic causes for foamy urine

Answer 25

significant amounts of protein (kidney disease) UTI fistula from colon to bladder

Question 26

non-pathologic causes for foamy urine

Answer 26

rapid urination | toilet cleaner

Question 27

sweet or fruity urine

Answer 27

ketones

Question 28

pungent urine

Answer 28

bacteria (ammonia)

Question 29

maple syrup urine

Answer 29

AA

Question 30

musty or mousy urine of an infant

Answer 30

phenylketonuria

Question 31

rancid buttery/fishy urine

Answer 31

hypermethioninemia

Question 32

stronger ammonia urine

Answer 32

dehydration

Question 33

ratio of WEIGHT of a volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water at a constant temperature

Answer 33

urine specific gravity

Question 34

urine specific gravity is used to measure:

Answer 34

concentrating and diluting ability of kidney

Question 35

_____ ability is one of the first functions to be lost as a result of TUBULAR damage

Answer 35

concentrating

Question 36

normal specific gravity range

Answer 36

1.003-1.035

Question 37

___ is used for a true measure of specific gravity; no longer recommended- requires temperature correction

Answer 37

urinometer

Question 38

ratio of velocity of light in air to velocity of light in solution, using Total Solids (TS) meter

Answer 38

refractive index

Question 39

refractive index varies with _____, but the TS meter is temperature-compensated for temperatures btwn _____ degrees F (so requires no corrections in the range)

Answer 39

temperature | 60-100 F

Question 40

specific gravity reagent strips measure change in _____, specifically change in ______ in relation to ionic concentration; more ions = more ____

Answer 40

pH polyelectrolytes acidic

Question 41

measures total solute concentration, but depends on # of PARTICLES in solution

Answer 41

urine osmolality

Question 42

____ is better indicator of concentrating and diluting abilities of kidney, because it is unaffected by density of solutes

Answer 42

osmolality