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CT Flashcards

1
Q

examples of sulfated GAGs

A

keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, dermatin sulfate

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2
Q

example of non-sulfated GAGs

A

HA

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3
Q

fibroblasts derived from:

A

mesenchyme

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4
Q

division of fibroblast occurs when

A

primarily during wound healing

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5
Q

types of cells fibroblast can change into

A

adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoplasts

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6
Q

when do fribroblasts change into chondrocytes

A

during fibrocartilage formation

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7
Q

when do fibroblasts change into osteoblasts

A

certain pathologies

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8
Q

functions of fibroblasts

A

structural and defense

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9
Q

what is the structural function of fibroblasts

A

product matrix components; healing: produce growth factor & cytokines, scar formation

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10
Q

what is the defense function of fibroblasts

A

produce cytokines & enzymes (collagenase, elastase); phagocytosis

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11
Q

fibrocyte

A

mature less active fibroblast that is flat in appearence; live longer w/lower energy and oxygen requirements; produce GAGs, other molecules and reticular fibers

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12
Q

what can fibrocytes not do

A

produce new collagen I or elastin fibers

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13
Q

function of fibroblasts

A

maintain tissue

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14
Q

myofibroblast

A

posses features of fibroblast and smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

function of myofibroblast

A

wound closure and tooth eruption

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16
Q

adipocytes

A

do not divide or chnage into other cell types; derived from mesechye cells

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17
Q

function of adipocytes

A

lipid storage: energy source, thermoregulation and cushening of organs

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18
Q

plasma cell

A

do not divide and have short lives; found in CT and lymphatic tissues/organs; derived from B lympocytes

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19
Q

funtion of plasma cells

A

to produce antibodies

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20
Q

macrophages

A

aka histiocytes; contain residual bodies in cytoplasm; can divite; derived from monocytes; part of mononuclear phagocyte system

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21
Q

MPS

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte Sytem: all members arise from a common ancestor in bone marrow and are able to phagocytize and display particular receptors

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22
Q

examples of MPS

A

kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, monocytes, microglia, langerhans cells, osteoclasts

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23
Q

function of macrophages

A

phagocytosis, act as APC, creat foreign body giant cells, release cytokins and other products

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24
Q

what do macrophages phagocytos

A

debris and microorganisms

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25
APC
Antigen Presenting Cell; present infor about a foreing antigen to T-helper cells
26
foreign body giant cells
created by the fusion of many macrophages in response to a sizable foreign object or some pathogens
27
mast cells
large cells containing cytoplasmic granules; fount in CT proper, by small blood vessels and under epithelium; occatonally divide; derived from a precursor cell from bone marrow
28
mast cell mediated events
basic inflammatory reaction, immediate hypersensitivity response, anaphylaxis, asthma
29
basic inflammatory reaction
mast cell trauma or phagocytosis in response to dead cells, debris and damaged fibers; localized reaction of mast cell degranulate; histamine first reactant followed by leukotrienes and heparin
30
histamine
primary mediator in basic inflammation; increased permeablilty of capillaries and venules, dilates arterioles
31
leukotrienes
second mediator in basic inflammation
32
Heparin
third mediator in basic inflammation
33
immediat hypersensitivity response
simple allergy; IgE and allergin complex
34
anaphylaxis
IgE/allergin in blood; sytemic mast cell and basophil degranulation and secretion
35
anaphylactic shock
circulatory shock; cardiovascular collapse caused by extensive blood loss
36
extrinsic asthma
allergins known; often childhood onset
37
intrinsic asthma
allergin unknown; may develope in aduls following an upper of lower respiratory infection
38
asthma stimulated by:
IgE/allergin complex and/or fatigue, stress, fumes, endrocrin changes, emotionst etc.
39
primary problem in asthma
leuotrienes contract smooth muscle in bronchioles
40
secondary difficulties caused by asthma
inflammation; excess fluid and decreased oxygen diffusion
41
cells in CT
fibroblast, fibrocyte, myofibroblast, adipocyte, plasma cell, macrophages, mast cells, leukocytes, mesenchyme cells, reticular cells
42
types of leukocytes
monocytes, neurophiles, eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes
43
monocytes
become macrophages in CT
44
neutrophils
attracted to sites of acute inflammation; good at phagocytosis of debris and bacteria
45
eosinophils
combat parasitic worms; attracted to allergic inflammation
46
basophils
similar to mast cells; initiate/influence and maintain inflammation
47
lymphocytes
usually not many in CT; attracted to chronic inflammation sites
48
funtion of lymphocytes
humerall and cell mediated immunity
49
mesenchyme cells
divide by numbers decrease with age; functional to change into another cell type
50
reticular cells
derived from mesenchyme dcells; produce collagen III (reticular fibers)
51
what do fibroblast have in common with reticular cells
fibroblast produce reticular fibers when needed on a temporary basis (wound healing) while reticular cells are found when collagen III is needed on a permanent basis
52
where do reticular cells produce collagen III on a permenant basis
endocrin and lymphatic organs
53
classification of CT
connective tissue proper and specialized CT
54
Connective tissue proper
loose CT, dense CT
55
types of Dense CT
dense irregular, dense regular, reticular CT and adipose
56
types of loose connective tissue
loose areolar and loose irregular
57
characteristics of loose CT
larger number of cells, many cell types, fewer fibers, increased amounts of ground substance, quite vasular
58
loose areolar
greater and lesser omentum; around blood vessels and in other small areas
59
loose irregular
papillar layer of dermis, directly beneath epithelium in organs
60
characteristics of dense CT
fewer cells, fewer cell types, many fibers, less ground substance, less vascular
61
dense irregular
reticular layer of dermis, nerve sheaths and organ capsules
62
dense regular
tendons, ligaments and aponeurosis
63
reticular CT
primary reticular fibers and reticular cells; edocrine an dlyphatic organs
64
adipose
adipocyte cells, quite vascular; function in lipid storage
65
general CT rules
1) increased number of cell types will increase healing potential 2) increased vascularity will increase healing potential
66
specialized CT
cartilage, bone and blood

organ histology (12 decks)

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