Final Chapter 7

Question 0

Elastic arteries are also called what? What are some examples of elastic arteries?

Answer 0

Conducting arteries

aorta, common iliacs, carotid, brachiocephalics, subclavian

Question 1

Tunica intima is a continuation of _______.
Tunica media is a continuation of _______.
Tunica adventitia is a continuation of ______.
(heart histological layers)

Answer 1

Intima = Endocardium
Media = Myocardium
Adventitia = Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Question 2

This blood vessel layer’s endothelium often has rounded nuclei with thicker CT below the epithelium. It consists mostly of fibroblasts, collagen I, and some smooth muscle cells.

Answer 2

Tunica intima

thin internal elastic lamina possible

Question 3

This is the thickest blood vessel layer. It is primarily composed of fenestrated sheets of elastic laminae. A thin external elastic lamina is present, and vasa vasorum is common in the outer region of this layer.

Answer 3

Tunica media

Question 4

This blood vessel layer is made of loose fibroelastic CT with a vasa vasorum likely present.

Answer 4

Tunica adventitia

Question 5

Muscular arteries are also called what? What are some examples of muscular arteries?

Answer 5

Distributing arteries

brachial, radial, renal, femoral

Question 6

This muscular artery layer is the thinnest layer. There is some CT with a few smooth muscle cells.

Answer 6

Tunica intima

thin internal elastic lamina possible

Question 7

This muscular artery layer is the thickest layer primarily made of circular smooth muscle with gap junctions between. Made up of elastic/reticular fibers and chondroitin sulfate, the external elastic lamina is possible.

Answer 7

Tunica media

Question 8

Which layer is richly innervated with sympathetics and elicits a strong contraction over a small area with good control over lumen size?

Answer 8

Tunica media

Question 9

This muscular artery layer is made of fibroelastic CT with sulfated GAGs and fibroblasts. Here, the vasa vasorum is an area of small ____ ____ and functions to supply ____ & ____ to the larger surrounding area.

Answer 9

Tunica adventita

Vasa vasorum: small blood vessels supplying nutrients and oxygen

Question 10

An arteriole is classified as having a lumen size = to wall (length/width)?

Answer 10

lumen size = to wall width

Question 11

Arteriole layers have similar structure to which other areas?

Answer 11

Muscular arteries

Question 12

In aging, these grow in width until about 25 years of age due to an increased # of elastic laminae in the tunica media.

Answer 12

Elastic arteries

Question 13

These structures begin to have an increase of collagen I, proteoglycans, and sulfated GAGs in middle aged individuals which (increases/decreases?) flexibility. _____ vessels are greatly affected.

Answer 13

Muscular arteries, decreases flexibility

Coronary vessels are greatly affected

Question 14

Around 50 years old, elastic fibers begin to break down and are replaced by collagen I. What condition is this associated with? An increase of (systolic/diastolic?) blood pressure is seen.

Answer 14

Hypertension

Systolic blood pressure increases

Question 15

This condition is commonly known as
“hardening of the arteries”. It is primarily in the (large/small?) arteries. Which layer becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing the lumen diameter to decrease?

Answer 15

Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

Tunica intima becomes infiltrated with soft lipids

Question 16

In Arterioslcerosis, what other layer can also be affected by an accumulation of collagen I and sulfated GAGs?

Answer 16

Tunica media

Question 17

In atherosclerosis, what degenerative changes occur in the tunica intima? These changes cause a(n) (increase/decrease?) width therefore a(n) (increase/decrease?) in lumen size

Answer 17

accumulation of macrophages, platelets, smooth muscle cells and lipids (foam cells)

Increase in tunica intima width therefore a decrease in lumen size

Question 18

This “overflow prevention system” is preceded by a sphincter and is found in all capillary beds but with a wider lumen. There is a spiral of smooth muscle on the outside of the vessel.

Answer 18

Metarterioles

Question 19

This is a “bypass system” with a wide lumen and thicker than the tunica media. This is not found everywhere but is in the skin and stomach.

Answer 19

AVA = arteriovenous anastomosis = AV shunt

Question 20

4 things that blood flow into capillaries is influenced by

Answer 20

1. Metarterioles
2. AVA’s (some)
3. Pre-capillary sphincters
4. Lumen size of terminal arterioles

Question 21

Capillaries are a ____ layer of flattened ____ cells.

Answer 21

single layer of flattened endothelial cells

Question 22

Which structures of capillaries function to move large molecules through the cytoplasm (hormones, allergens, proteins)?

Answer 22

Pinocytotic vesicles

Question 23

The cell junctions between endothelial cells are known as ____ ____. They function to move large molecules and allow for easy cell movement.

Answer 23

Fasciae occludens (spotty)

Question 24

What is the most common type of capillary? Where are they found?

Answer 24

Continuous capillary found mostly everywhere

Question 25

This is an important cell type of the continuous capillary considered to be a residual mesenchyme cell. They are very numerous, can be secretory, and are part of the basement membrane. Pericytes

Answer 25

Pericytes

Question 26

T/F: Pericytes are able to divide into smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What are the 2 main functions of Pericytes?

Answer 27

Healing Blood flow regulation

Question 28

This capillary cell type is located in the zonula occludens in the CNS. They are influenced by astrocytes.

Answer 28

Modified continuous capillary

Question 29

_______ capillaries are located in the pancreas, intestines, and endocrine organs. They contain pores with a thin protein diaphragm containing eight fibrils

Answer 29

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 30

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 30

Allow greater movement of molecules and cells

Question 31

______ capillaries are located in bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs, and certain endocrine organs. They have an enlarged diameter with no protein diaphragms. (many fenestrae)

Answer 31

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 32

What is the function of sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 32

Enhanced exchange between blood and tissues

Question 33

What main structures of the circulatory system are not as uniform as arteries, there is a greater number throughout the body, and are often larger.

Answer 33

Veins

Question 34

T/F: Veins only have 2 tunica structures

Answer 34

False, have all 3 just like arteries

Question 35

Vein valves have 2 flaps of tunica _____ with extra _______ CT.

Answer 35

2 flaps of tunica intima with extra fibroelastic CT.

Question 36

Vein valves function to prevent ______ to protect the capillaries. They also work with _____ muscle to keep blood moving.

Answer 36

prevent backflow work with skeletal muscle to move blood

Question 37

What features do we focus on when determining venule type? Tunics or diameter?

Answer 37

Tunics

Question 38

Name the venule type from the following info: Tunica intima: Endothelium, some CT, many pericytes Tunica media: none Tunica adventitia: none

Answer 38

Post-capillary Venules

Question 39

Name the venule type from the following info: Tunica intima: Endothelium + CT Tunica media: none Tunica adventitia: CT, fibroblasts + some pericytes

Answer 39

Collecting Venules

Question 40

Name the venule type from the following info: Tunica intima: Endothelium + CT Tunic media: Incomplete smooth muscle layer Tunica adventitia: Present w/ few pericytes outside

Answer 40

Muscular Venules

Question 41

Products of inflammation affect the walls without a complete tunica _____. Thus, products of iflammation can reach endothelial cells in the tunica _____ to loosen their junctions.

Answer 41

Tunica Media Tunica Intima

Question 42

Small veins are similar to venules, but have a complete tunica _____.

Answer 42

Tunica Media

Question 43

What is the thickest/most dominant lumenal wall layer in Medium/Large veins?

Answer 43

Tunica adventitia

Question 44

Name the vein type from the following info: Tunica intima: endothelium, basal lamina, CT with reticular fibers, sometimes elastic Tunica media: smooth muscle, collagen, fibroblasts Tunica adventitia: CT with collagen and elastic fibers and a few smooth muscle cells

Answer 44

Medium Veins

Question 45

Name the vein type from the following info: Tunica intima: thicker CT with fibroblasts and elastic fiber network (similar to medium) Tunica media: complete but thin Tunica adventitia: Much fibroelastic CT and vasa vasorum

Answer 45

Large Veins

Question 46

Unlike other veins, superficial veins of legs and pulmonary veins have well developed tunica ______.

Answer 46

Tunica Media

Question 47

In pulmonary veins and vena cava, you will see some cardiac muscle in the tunica ______. In the inferior vena cava, what type of muscle will be found in the tunica adventitia?

Answer 47

Tunica adventitia Longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 48

Enlarged and winding superficial veins in the legs are called what? What are some possible causes?

Answer 48

Varicose veins Loss of skeletal muscle tone, valve incompetence, degeneration of vein wall (tunics)

Question 49

Esophageal varices are varicose veins in the (upper/lower?) esophagus. What are some causes?

Answer 49

Lower esophagus Alcoholism, portal hypertension

Question 50

Varicose veins at the end of the anal canal are called what?

Answer 50

Hemorrhoids

Question 51

This pathology with unknown etiology is associated with abnormal nerve control over tunica media in arteries and a nerve sensitivity to cold temperatures

Answer 51

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Question 52

Lymphatic ducts empty into venous system at junction of what 2 structures?

Answer 52

Right internal jugular vein and subclavian veins | includes right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct