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CT & MRI > CT Application 2 Head + Neck > Flashcards

CT Application 2 Head + Neck Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

judgement, foresight, voluntary movement, smell

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2
Q

function of Broca’s area

A

speech

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3
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

intellect & emotions

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4
Q

function of brainstem

A

involuntary functions = swallow, breathing, waking, heartbeat

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5
Q

function of cerebellum

A

movement & balance coordination

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6
Q

function of Wernicke’s area

A

speech

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7
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

primary visual area

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8
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

hearing, memory, emotion

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9
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

language comprehension, temperature, pain, touch

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10
Q

white matter contains high amounts of ___

A

myelinated axons which are hypodense

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11
Q

grey matter contains high amounts of ___

A

cell bodies which are hyperdense

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12
Q

mater layers of the brain

A

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

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13
Q

which are potential spaces

A

epidural & subdural

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14
Q

which area is filled with CSF

A

subarachnoid space

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15
Q

where does CSF transfer occur between

A

arachnoid & pia mater

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16
Q

parts of brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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17
Q

primary indications for CT Brain

A
  • trauma (GCS < 15)
  • haemorrhages
  • hydrocephalus
  • guidance (pre/post op)
  • mental status changes
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18
Q

secondary indications for CT Brain

A
  • developmental delay
  • epilepsy
  • neurodegenerative diseases
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19
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

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20
Q

causes of acute neurological dysfunction

A
  • cerebral infarction
  • haemorrhage
  • infection
  • tumor
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21
Q

patient prep for head & neck CT

A
  1. check patient identifiers
  2. explain & get consent from patient
  3. co-relate clinical indication
  4. remove preventable artifacts
  5. check allergy, renal insufficiency, metformin
  6. check IV access, chest ports, PICC
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22
Q

PICC

A

peripherally inserted central catheter

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23
Q

what is tested for renal insufficiency

A

serum creatinine & eGFR

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24
Q

head & neck positioning

A
  1. patient head in first, supine
  2. arms beside body
  3. lower leg supported
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25
where to isocenter gantry for CT head
align at EAM and ensure parallel to line between EAM & supraorbital ridge by tucking chin or tilting gantry
26
scan region of CT brain
base of skull > vertex
27
recon window for CT brain
brain and skull/bone
28
WW/WL for CT Brain
80-150/40 2000 - 4000/300-400
29
what effect does brain algorithm have
smoothing
30
what effect does bone algorithm have
edge enhancing
31
HU of bone
+1000
32
HU of white matter
+20 to +30
33
HU of muscle
+20 to +40
34
HU of gray matter
+30 to +40
35
HU of hemorrhage
+65 to +95
36
HU of CSF
0
37
HU of fat
-30 to -70
38
HU of air
-1000
39
stroke is the ___ principal cause of death in SG
4th
40
80% of strokes are ___ & 20% are ___
ischaemic; haemorrhagic
41
top 5 causes of death in SG
1. cancer 2. ischaemic heart disease 3. pneumonia 4. CVS 5. hypertensive
42
epidrual hematoma occurs between ___
skull & dura mater
43
subdural hematoma occurs between ___
dura & arachnoid mater
44
how to differentiate between epidrual & subdural hematoma in terms of suture line
subdural hematoma crosses suture line whereas epidural does not
45
clinical indication of epidrual hemorrhage
loss of consciousness, lucid intervals
46
identifier of epidrual hemorrhage
sharplyu demarcated biconvex shape
47
identifier of subdrual hemorrhage
cresent shaped, homogenous hyperdense collection
48
clinical indication of subdural hemorrhage
trauma, headache, nausea, vomitting, altered mental state
49
pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage
85% rupture of intracranial aneurysm, vascular malformations, thunder clap headaches, stiff neck, altered consciousness
50
where does bleeding of subarachnoid hemorrhage take place in
subarachnoid space (between arachnoid & pia mater)
51
identifier of subarachnoid hemorrhage
hyperdense filling subarachnoid space commonly around circle of willis
52
identifier of intracerebral hemorrhage
homogenous hyperdense intraparenchymal collection
53
most common ischemic strokes
1. large artery atherosclerosis 2. small vessel occlusion 3. cardio-embolism 4. cryptogenic
54
most common hemorrhagic strokes
intracerebral & subarachnoid hemorrhage
55
ischemic strokes occurs due to ___
sudden obstruction of >1 cerebral arteries due to embolism or thrombosis
56
what does stroke lead to
significant motor weakness & sensory disturbances
57
identifiers of acute ischemic stroke
1. hypodensity within parenchyma 2. loss of gray/white matter 3. disappearing basal ganglia 4. hyperdense vessel sign 5. loss of insular ribbon sign
58
CT brain + IV indications
lesion, metastasis, arteriovenous malformation, infection, RT planning
59
CT brain + IV procedure
- patient remains still - 22/24G cannula used - wait 1-2 mins post injection then scan
60
CAVMs
cerebral arteriovenous malformations
61
GBM
glioblastoma
62
vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of location
v: extracellular c: intracellular
63
vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of BBB
v: BBB destroyed c: BBB intact
64
vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of hypodensity
v: only white matter becomes hypodense c: both grey and white matter becomes hypodense
65
vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of grey white differentiation
v: heightened c: loss
66
vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of causes
v: tumor, metastasis, abscess c: infarction, encephalitis, hypoxic injury
67
non-contrast CT orbit indications
FB, trauma, blow out #
68
IV CT orbit indications
- infection/abscess - tumor - proptosis/diplopia - melanoma
69
proptosis
bulging eye
70
diplopia
double vision
71
melanoma
skin cancer
72
cannula for orbits
22G
73
recon window for CT orbits
soft tissue + bone
74
slice thickness for CT orbits
1-2mm
75
delay timing for CT orbits
1-2 mins after IV injection
76
non-contrast CT temporal bone indications
- hearing loss - otalgia - otitis media - cholesteatoma - trauma - mastoiditis
77
IV CT temporal bone indications
- pulsatile tinnitus - paragangliomas - malignant otitis externa
78
recon window for temporal bone / IAM CT
soft tissue + bone (inner ear)
79
recon orientation for temporal bone / IAM CT
axial + sagittal = parallel to falx cerebri coronal = perpendicular to falx cerebri
80
indications for CT sinus + facial bones
- sinusitis - trauma - polyps - deviated septum - surgical planning - neoplastic diseases / abscesses
81
indications for IV + CT sinus + facial bones
TRO infection / tumor
82
scan range for CT sinus
maxillary sinus / hard palate > frontal sinus
83
scan range for CT facial bone
symphysis menti > frontal sinus
84
recon window for CT facial bones
soft tissue + bone
85
recon window for CT sinus
soft tissue + bone
86
slice thickness for CT facial bones
3mm
87
slice thickness for CT sinus
3mm
88
which algorithm to be used for volume rendering of CT sinus / facial bones
smoothest
89
what part of spine is most mobile
cervical vertebrae
90
what foramina allows vertebral arteries to pass through
transverse foramen
91
uniqueness of C1
no body, spinous process but has 2 large lateral masses
92
function of C1 lateral masses
weight bearing articulation between cranium & vertebral column
93
uniqueness of C2
large odontoid process that projects upwards
94
function of uncinate processes of c3-7
prevents lateral movement of c-spine
95
uniqueness of c3-6
bifid spinous process
96
what lines must be evaluated in mid-sagittal view of C-spine
1. anterior surface of vertebral bodies 2. posterior surface of vertebral bodies 3. spinolaminar line maintained by ligamentum flavum 4. tip of spinous processes
97
CT neck non-contrast indications
- FB - salivary stones - trauma / degenerative changes - goitres - dysphagia
98
dysphagia
swallowing difficulty
99
goitres
neck swelling from enlarged thyroid gland
100
CT neck IV-contrast indications
- cyst - inflammation / abscesses - lymph nodes - RT simulation - tumor - vocal cord paralysis
101
scan range of CT neck
base of skull > aortic arch
102
recon window of CT neck
soft tissue + bone (trauma)
103
slice thickness & interval of CT neck
3mm
104
recon orientation of CT neck
soft tissues = axial + coronal FB & trauma = axial + coronal + sagittal
105
infarction
blood supply obstruction causing local tissue death
106
encephalitis
brain inflammation
107
otalgia
ear pain
108
otitis media
middle ear infection
109
Cholesteatoma
destructive & expanding growth of middle ear
110
mastoiditis
infection of mastoids due to untreated or complicated acute otitis media
111
otitis externa
ear canal inflammation
112
polyps
growth in sinus
113
scan range of CT orbits
floor of orbits > roof of orbits
114
recon orientation of CT orbits
sagittal recon parallel to optic nerve for each orbit
115
scan range of CT temporal bone / IAM
superior roof / mid frontal sinus to clear mastoids, parallel to hard palate

CT & MRI (12 decks)

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