CTH Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
What is Naegleria?
Where is it found?
A
Naegleria is a free-living ameba.
It is commonly found in warm fresh water (such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs) and soil.
2
Q
How does Naegleria fowleri infect people?
A
Naegleria fowleri infects people when water containing the ameba enters the body through the nose.
3
Q
Where is Naegleria fowleri found?
A
Naegleria fowleri lives in warm fresh water and soil around the world. The amebae may be present in any freshwater body in the United States, regardless of the state, especially during the warmer months of July, August, and September.
4
Q
What organism causes Amebiasis
A
Protozoa
5
Q
Amebiasis transmission route
A
Fecal Oral - Male-male sex
6
Q
Amebiasis symptoms
A
Cramps
Diarrhea (bloody)
Weight loss
7
Q
Four kinds of Atnhrax
A
Cutaneous, Ingestion, Injection, & Inhalation
8
Q
Medication used to treat GI Worms (Helminth)
A
Mebendazole
9
Q
Types of Malaria
A
Plasmodium falciparum: most lethal, most drug-resistant (sub-Saharan Africa)
P. vivax: relapsing species, widest geographic distribution
P. ovale: relapsing species (western areas of sub-Saharan Africa)
P. malariae: AKA ‘benign’ malaria (mild course)
P. knowlesi: found throughout Southeast Asia, and is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia
10
Q
Malaria Fevers
A
P knowlesi is daily
P vivax and P ovale malaria, every 48 hr, tertian
P malariae every 72 hours, quartan malaria
11
Q
What does a mosquito inject to cause Malaria?
A
Sporozoites
12
Q
Malaria type and name of reproduction in Hepatocytes?
A
Asexual
Schixogony
13
Q
Malaria post-reproduction in Hepatocytes
A
Merozoites
14
Q
Term and phase for Merozoites feeding
A
Endocytosis in Erythrocytes
15
Q
What does Malaria do with Hemoglobin?
A
Create Hemozoin Crystals
16
Q
Malaria product that multiplies in Erythrocytes
A
Merozoites
17
Q
Malaria: After the Erythrocytic phase what two things happen?
A
Some undergo Gametogony, forming male and female Gametocytes which remain in red blood cells and are picked up by other mosquitoes
18
Q
Malaria: Where does sexual reproduction occur? What happens? Term?
A
In the mosquito’s abdomen. Gametocytes merge to form a Zygote. “Sporogony”
19
Q
Malaria: Sexual vs Asexual terms? Locations?
A
Sexual: Sporogony (In Mosquito)
Asexual: Schixogony in Erythrocytes
20
Q
Microscopic diagnosis for Malaria
A
Thin Blood Smear: Rapid & minimal experience
Thick Blood Smear: Accurate & More experience
21
Q
Malaria reproduction in mosquito
A
Gametocytes merge to form a Zygote. “Sporogony”
Zygote matures to Ookinete –> Oocyst –> Sporoszoites
22
Q
Quinoline Derivative Mechanism of Action? Term?
A
Interfere with the processing of toxic heme to Hemozoin Crystals in food vacuoles.
Schizonticidal.
23
Q
Medications to kill Hypnozoites
A
Primaquine (Given with Schizonticidal)
24
Q
Primaquine Contraindication
A
Anemia & G6PD deficiency
Pregnancy (Hemolysis in Fetus)
25
Artemisinin Derivative Mechanism of Action,
Bind to heme to form free radicals.
Schizonticidal.
26
First Choice medication for treatment of Chloroquine resistant Malaria?
Artemisinin Derivative
27
Cause of Giardiasis
Protozoa
28
Giardiasis Route
Fecal Oral
29
Giardiasis Tolerant to...
Chlorine
30
Giardiasis common transmission route
Drinking and Recreational water
31
Anti-malaria Contra indicated in Pregnancy.
Doxycycline: Teratogenic
Primiquin: Infant cannot be tested for G6PD
Atovaquone-Proguanil: Also if Breasteading
32
Malaria drugs of choice for pregnant women.
Chloroquine and mefloquine are the drugs of choice for pregnant women for destinations with chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant malaria, respectively.
33
First choice medication for Chloroquine Resistant Malaria
Artemisinin Derivatives
34
Artemisinin Derivatives in Pregnancy
Safe after the first trimester
35
Atovaquone-Proguanil in Pregnancy
Not recommended
36
Why are Artemisinin Derivatives not used for prophylaxis?
Short half-life
37
What Anti Malaria drug should always be given in combination.
Artemisinin Derivatives
38
Treatment for Malaria for Pregnant women? Timeframe?
First Trimester: Seven-day course of clindamycin and quinine.
Afterwards: ACT
39
What can cause foul-smelling, fatty Diarrhea?
Giardiasis (Beaver Fever)
40
Where is Loa Loa Found?
West and Central Africa
41
Loa Loa, AKA?
African Eye Worm
42
Loa Loa Infection time?
six months to a year.
43
What is Calabar swelling?
Migratory, subcutaneous, painful, or pruritic nodules are produced by adult nematode migration through the skin. i.e. Loa Loa
44
Agent & vector of elephantiasis?
Infection with nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea that are transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitos.
45
Rickettsial Infections Case & Types?
Bacterial Infections
Spotted fever group (SFG) and the typhus group.
46
Rickettsia Africae, AKA
African tick-bite fever
47
Rickettsial Infections incubation period.
5-14 days.
48
Symptoms of Rickettsial Infections
Fever, headache, malaise, rash, nausea, or vomiting.
Maculopapular, vesicular, or petechial rash or sometimes an eschar at the site of the tick or mite bite.
49
Rickettsia rickettsii, AKA
Rocky Mount Spotted Fever
50
Rickettsia prowazekii, AKA
Epidemic Typhus
51
Rickettsia prowazekii vector
Lice feces, Flying Squirll
52
Rickettsia typhi vector
Rat fleas
53
Rickettsia rickettsii risk factors
Age over 40
Wooded Areas
Exposure to dogs
54
Rickettsia rickettsii hallmark signs
Macules (Flat, non-itchy rash) blanches on pressure. Starts at the wrists and ankles and spreads to the trunk, hands, and feet.
55
Rickettsia prowazekii Hallmark
Red Macular rash, which starts on the trunk. Spares hands feet, and head.
56
What Typhus can remain dormant? Name?
Rickettsia Prowazekii
Epidemic Typhus
Brill-Zinsser Disease
57
Rickettsia typhi names
Murine / Endemic Typhus
58
Rickettsia typhi Hallmark
Red Macular rash, which starts on the trunk. Spares palms & soles .
59
Where to contract Rickettsia africae?
In Southern Africa, Safaris occur in clusters with exposure during safari tours, game hunting, and bush hiking.
60
Tickborne Encephalitis Incubation
4-28 days
61
Tickborne Encephalitis location
Western and northern Europe through to northern and eastern Asia
62
How do you get Tickborne Encephalitis other than ticks?
TBE may also be acquired by ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products
63
Tickborne Encephalitis infection agent
Flavivirus
64
Tickborne Encephalitis vector
Ixodes Tick
65
Tickborne Encephalitis subtypes. Severity?
European, Siberian, and Far Eastern.
Far Eastern subtype is often associated with a more severe disease course.
66
The country with the most reported Tickborne Encephalitis
Russia
67
Common season to contract Tickborne Encephalitis
Early and Late Summer
68
Comorbidity of Tickborne Encephalitis
Older Age
69
Chickungunya vector
Aedes Mosquito
70
Chickungunya pattern
Chikungunya virus often causes large outbreaks with high attack rates, affecting one-third to three-quarters of the population.
71
Aedes Mosquito breading patterns
Lay their eggs in domestic containers that hold water, including buckets and flowerpots.
72
Chickungunya presentation
Sudden onset high fever
Joint pains are typically bilateral and symmetric.
Rash usually occurs after onset of fever. It typically involves the trunk and extremities but also can include the palms, soles, and face.
73
Chickungunya Treatment
Supportative
74
Chickungunya agent
Alphavirus.
75
Denge agent
Flavivirus, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
76
Denge vector
Aedes Mosquito
77
Where to contract Denge?
Eastern Africa, South Central America, Mexico, India, SE Asia
Dengue is more of a risk in urban and residential areas than is malaria.
78
Denge Incubation
5-7 days.
79
Denge Hallmark
Positive Tourniquet Test (Fluid leakage)
80
Dengue Treatment
Supportive
81
Dengue medications to avoid
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen) because of their anticoagulant properties.
82
Japanese Encephalitis agent
Flavivirus
83
Japanese Encephalitis Vector
Culex Mosquito
84
Bancroftian filariasis prevelance
90% of lymphatic filariasis cases and the most common etiology of acquired lymphedema. It is the second leading infectious cause of disability worldwide after leprosy.
85
Bancroftian filariasis complication
Elephantiasis
86
Leishmania vector
Sand Fly
87
Leishmania types
Cutaneous (Most typical)
Viceral (More Severe)
Mucisal (destroys mucosa)
88
Leishmania agent
Protozoa
89
Leishmania treatment
Supportive
90
Lyme Disease Vector
Ixodes Tick
91
Lyme Disease Hallmark
Bulls Eye Rash
92
Lyme Disease Complications
Bells Palsy
Cardiac Abnormaiities
93
Plague Agent
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
94
Plague vector
Rodent Fleas
95
Plague incubation
< One week
96
Lasa Fever Location
West Africa (Nigeria and West Coast)
97
Lasa Fever Vector
Rat Feces and Urine
98
Lasa Fever side effect
Deafness
99
Rift Valley Location
Eastern Africa
100
Rift Valley Fever Vector
Aedes Mosquito
101
Atovaquone-Proguanil, AKA
Malarone
102
What medications can facilitate the contraction of Typhoid?
Antacids, H2 Blockers, & PPIs
103
Age Relationship for Typhoid Fever
Children are more suseptable
104
Typhoid Fever Incubation Period
5 - 21 days
105
Typhoid Fever Hallmarks
Week 1: Stepwise Fever
Week 2: Rose Spots
Week 3: Intestinal Bleeding
106
What is the most common bacterial diarrhea?
Enterotoxic E. Coli (ETEC) 1/3
107
Most common Viral Diarrhea?
Norovirus
108
Most common Protozoal Diarrhea?
Giardia Lamblia
109
Where to contract Scrub Typhus
Asia
110
Scrub Typhus Vector
Mites
111
Treatment for Jellyfish
Rinse with Seawater
Apply Vinegar
Apply hot water
112
What is Ciguatera?
Most common food poisoning caused by consuming reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins
113
Ciguatera poisoning timeframe?
Three - six hours
114
Ciguatera poisoning presentation?
GI followed by neuro.
Hot Cold
Metallic taste
Bradycardia
115
What is Scombroid?
Common food poisoning from eating improperly stored fish with high levels of histamine.
116
Scombroid symptoms?
Acute and rapid onset of allergic reaction symptoms.
117
Scombroid Key Facts (2)
Peppery, sharp, salty taste or bubbly feel.
Cooking & freezing will not destroy histamine.
118
Scombroid treatment
Antihistamines
119
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning charactistics.
Most common shellfish poisoning.
PSP is found in temperate and tropical waters, typically during or after phytoplankton blooms.
Most common after eating muscles & clams.
120
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Timing & Symptoms
<60 minutes
Numbness & Tingling
Neaseau, Vomiting, & Diarrrhea
Respiratory failure.
121
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)
Shellfish poisoning.
122
The most common fish for Scombroid?
Tuna and Blue
123
How to get Anisakidosis?
Raw Fish, Worm that lives in the Stomach.
124
What can cause cellulitis and tissue necrosis after saltwater exposure?
Vibrio vulnificus
125
What causes Hot tub folliculitis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
126
What does Naegleria fowleri cause?
Meningoencephalitis
127
What survives chlorinated water?
Cryptosporidium
128
What is Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Parasitic nematode worms (Round worm)
129
Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AKA)
Rat Lungworm
130
What can Angiostrongylus cantonensis cause?
Meningitis
131
Transmission route for Angiostrongylus cantonensis?
Rat Feces, Snails, Humans
132
Transmission route for Listeria Monocytongenes?
Deli meats, soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk and dairy products, and ready-to-eat foods
133
Risk Group for Listeria Monocytongenes?
Pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
134
What is Toxoplasmosis?
Protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
135
Sources for Toxoplasmosis?
Kitty Litter
Undercooked or raw meat from infected animals
136
Risk Group for Toxoplasmosis?
pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems
137
What is Rice water stools?
Colorless odorless diarrhea
138
Cholera diarrhea description.
Colorless odorless diarrhea
139
What Malaria medication has a loading dose?
Tafenoquine daily x 3
140
Clinical sign of Yellow Fever? Name?
Slow Heart Rate with Fever. Faget's sign.
141
Yellow Fever clinical presentation. Timing.
Infection, 3-6 days
Remission, 48 hrs
Intoxication. Fever, jaundice, oliguria, hemorrhage
142
Leprosy cause / name?
Bacteria / Hansen's Dx.
143
Stages of Amebiasis (two)
Cyst (Infective)
Transforms to Trophozoite in Small Intestine and invades mucosa of the large intestine.
144
Signs of Amebiasis
Dysentery
Liver abscesses
145
Tape worm characteristic (discomfort)
Pain in AM releived by eating.
146
Pork tapework condition AKA / Vector
Taeniasis / T. Solium
147
Complication of T. Solium (AKA)
Injestion of eggs. Cause person to become host. Cystecircosis & Neurocystecircosis.
Pork tapeworm
148
What is Brucellosis, AKA, Where to contract, Characteristic
Bacterial Infection
Malta / Mediterranean Fever
Contact with birthing animals or unpasteurized dairy
Fever and night sweats with Moldy odor
149
What is Botulism? Source? Characteristic Findings?
Neuroparalytic bacteria
Ingestion from improperly stored food (No taste)
Symmetric descending paralysis (Floppy Baby)
150
Measeals Accelerated
Two doses one month apart
151
Oral Typhoid vaccine Characteristics
6 Y/O
Every other day, on empty stomach
Not for Pregnant or immunocompromised
Must be refrigerated
152
Children & DEET. Minimum age and concentration.
Minimum Age 2 months.
Max 35% DEET
Children under 2 months should be kept under a net.
153
MMR schedule and acceleration
Normal 1 year and 4-6 years.
Accelerated 1 year plus one month
Can be given at 6 months but then as Normal.
154
Typhoid Vaccination & Children
IM: > 2 Yrs
Oral: >6 Yrs
155
Calf pain and Conjunctival Suffusion are symptoms of?
Leptospirosis
156
Vaccines contraindicated in breastfeeding?
Yellow Fever (<9 months)
Smallpox
157
Number of virus particles to contact Yellow Fever
1000
158
Malaria Medication to avoid with renal Impairment?
Atovaquone-proguanil
159
What Malaria prophylaxis can increase the effect of warfarin?
Atovaquone-proguanil
160
What Malaria prophylaxis can exacerbate psoriasis.
Chloroquine
161
What Malaria prophylaxis should be taken with a meal.
Doxycycline
162
Where are you most likely to find p. ovale?
West Africa
163
Causes of Bloody Diarrhea
Salmonella
Shigella
Enterohemorrhagic E.Coli
Campylobacter
Entamoeba Histolyticia
164
What infection can orchitis (inflammation of the testicles)
Mumps
165
What is Herpes B virus primarily associated with
macaque monkeys
166
What kind of study give you an odds ratio?
Case Control
167
What kind of study demonstrates relative risk
Cohort
168
Travelers who visit rural areas or farms with cattle, sheep, goats, or other livestock may be exposed to
Brucellosis and Q Fever
169
Narrowing Pulse Pressure is a symptom of
Denge
170
Polio Vaccine Routine and Accelerated
Three doses
Two four to eight weeks
Third six to twelve months later
Accelerated: Four weeks apart
171
Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Routing and Accelerated
Two doses 28 days apart
If over 18 Y/O can do seven days apart
172
Safe Chlorine in Hottubs and pools
Hottubs 2-4 ppm
Pools 1-3 ppm
173
What is Tenesums?
The feeling of not emptying your bowel.
174
Minimum Age for Scopolamine Patch
12 Yrs
175
What can you get cleaning fish tanks?
Mycobacterium marinum
176
Name of disease associated with complicated Leptospirosis?
Weil's disease. Hemorrhagic syndrome.
177
Illness associated with larger fish
Ciguatera
178
Where can you get Tetrodotoxin?
Pufferfish
179
Minimum age for Influenza vaccine
Six Months
180
Minimum age for JE vaccine
Two Months
181
Minimum age for Menicocial vaccine
Two Months
