cultural geo Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
it is the scientific study of patterns of human interaction that deals with the study of a group of life.
A
SOCIOLOGY
2
Q
a branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific study of man, his works, his body, his behavior and values, in time and space.
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ANTHROPOLOGY
3
Q
- derived from the latin word “ cultura “ means ‘care or cultus’ “ civilization” .
- way of the life of a person who has learned, shared, and transmitted by means of language and symbols.
- is learned not biologically.
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CULTURE
4
Q
are units of learned behavior ranging from language spoken to the tools used or the games played. it can be an object, a technique, a belief or an attitude.
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CULTURE TRAITS
5
Q
refers to individual culture traits that are functionally related.
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CULTURE COMPLEX
6
Q
recognizes a large segment of the Earth’s surface having fundamental uniformity in its cultural characteristics and showing difference from the adjacent.
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CULTURAL REALM
7
Q
it is a tangible, physical record of a given culture. house types, transportation networks, parks and cemeteries, and size of distribution of settlements.
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CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
8
Q
the belief that the physical environment itself shapes humans, their actions and their thoughts.
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ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM
9
Q
it is the viewpoint of people, not the environment, a re the dynamic forces of cultural development.
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POSSIBILISM
10
Q
refers to the traditional and non - faddish way of life characteristics of a homogenous, cohesive, largely self - sufficient group that is essentially isolated from or resistant to outside forces; practices by small groups
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FOLK CULTURE
11
Q
culture that suggests a process of constantly adopting, conforming to, and quickly abandoning ever - changing fads and common modes of behavior
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POPULAR CULTURE / POP CULTURE
12
Q
includes physical objects or artifacts - things that human beings create by altering the natural environment.
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MATERIAL CULTURE - Types of Culture
13
Q
consists of words people use, the habits they follow, the ideas, laws, behavior, of any society profess and to which they strive to conform.
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NONMATERIAL CULTURE - Types of Culture
14
Q
these are the guides or models of behavior which tell us what is proper and which are not, appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong.
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NORMS / SOCIAL NORMS - Components of Culture
15
Q
folkways, mores, and laws
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FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS
16
Q
represents the standards we use to evaluate the desirability of things.
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VALUES - Components of Culture
17
Q
he identifies the major values orientations of many societies, each society has certain values that tend to set it apart and help distinguish it from other societies.
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ROBIN WILLIAMS
18
Q
personal achievements, occupational success, rags to riches, and value the self - made man.
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ACHIEVEMENT AND SUCCESS - Values
19
Q
place high value in work
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ACTIVITY AND WORK - Values
20
Q
the world in terms of right and wrong, and good and bad. to judge their conduct and that of others against ethical principles.
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MORAL ORIENTATION - Values
21
Q
one ideal for any person is material generosity, some people believe in helping others individually as well as collectively through organized charities and philanthropies.
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HUMANITARIANISM - Values
22
Q
associated with the importance they place on practicality and technology.
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EFFICIENCY AND PRACTICABILITY - Values
23
Q
he discover the values held highly by the Filipinos.
A
JAIME BULATAO, SJ
24
Q
provides an outlet for the need of a person to get out of himself and come out into contact with another person in a free and unguarded and emotional exchange.
A
EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS AND SECURITY IN THE FAMILY - Filipino Values
25
the approval by the authority figure and by society's surrogate, on the elders and hence, the family tends to be authoritarian.
THE AUTHORITY VALUE - Filipino Values
26
most often as a desire to raise the standard of living of one's family or hometown as a repayment for one's debt of gratitude ( utang na loob )
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BETTERMENT - Filipino Values
27
appears in stories when the frustrating force, whether poverty, injustice, sickness, or anything else is conceived as too powerful to be overcome.
PATIENCE, SUFFERING, ENDURANCE - Filipino Values
28
refers to a system of symbols that have specific and arbitrary meaning in a given society. this symbolic communication or language that sets human beings apart from other species.
LANGUAGE - Components of Culture
29
nodding your head generally means agreement or approval.
HEAD
30
nodding up and down signifies negative.
BULGARIANS AND GREEKS - Head
31
good eye contact expected in west, notable in Spain, Greece and Arab countries.
EYES
32
embarrassed by another's stare and seek eye contact only at the beginning of conversation.
FINNS AND JAPANESE - Eyes
33
tug their earlobes to indicate tasty food.
PORTUGESE - Ears
34
tug the earlobes, this gesture has sexual connotations.
ITALY - Ears
35
tug their earlobes, it means someone is not paying for their drinks.
SPAIN - Ears
36
a hearty nose blows into a handkerchief is typical in..
WEST - Nose
37
nose blowing is frowned upon by the..
JAPANESE - Nose
38
tapping the nose means confidential in..
ENGLAND - Nose
39
tapping nose means watch out in..
ITALY - Nose
40
people use their lips to point instead of a finger.
FILIPINO, NATIVE AMERICAN, PUERTO RICAN AND LATIN AMERICAN - Lips
41
people often kiss when they meet or when they say goodbye.
WEST - Lips
42
it is considered too intimate of an action to be displayed in public.
ASIAN - Lips
43
sitting crosslegged is common in..
NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES - Legs
44
crosslegged is viewed as disrespectful to show the sole of the shoe to another person in..
ASIA AND MIDDLE EAST - Legs
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use their arms freely where they often wave their arms around when talking..
ITALY AND US - Arms
46
they find it hard to tolerate gesturing their arms, associating it with insincerity and over-dramatization..
NORTHERN EUROPEANS - Arms
47
gesturing with broad movements is considered impolite..
JAPAN - Arms
48
american " goodbye" wave, as the signal for " no " in many parts of..
EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA - Hands
49
italian "goodbye" waves can be interpreted to "come here" in..
AMERICANS - Hands
50
american " come here " gesture is seen as an insult most in..
ASIAN COUNTRIES - Hands
51
it is a taboo to point out with your index finger, but you can point with your thumb.
MALAYSIA - Hands
52
" thumbs up " is a rude sexual signal in some..
ISLAMIC COUNTRIES, SARDINIA AND GREECE - Hands
53
is a group of languages thought to have a common origin in a single, earlier tongue within a family or subfamilies.
LINGUISTIC FAMILY / LANGUAGE - Components of Culture
54
french, spanish, portuguese, italian and romanian.
ROMANCE LANGUAGES - Linguistic Family
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english, german and dutch.
GERMANIC LANGUAGE - Linguistic Family
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spread and evolution may be gradual and cumulative, with each generation deviating in small degree from the speech pattern and vocabulary of it's parents or maybe massive and abrupt - reflecting conquests, migrations, trade contacts and disruption of cultural isolation.
LANGUAGE
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has 80 words related to camels.
ARABIC - Language
58
contains more than 20 words related to rice.
JAPANESE - Language
59
rich in terms related to ice and snow.
RUSSIAN - Language
60
they are more short - lived social norma with which people are expected to comply with. they may operate as forces of social change ex. styles of clothes, bags, shows, hairdo, houses, cars, and even music.
FASHIONS, FADS, CRAZES - Components of Culture
61
" man is one, but cultures are many "
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
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he said there are four principal ways in the process of culture adaptation by..
JOSEPH FICHTER - Adaptation of Culture
63
refers to the independent development of a culture characteristic in two widely separated cultures like pyramids.
PARALLELISM - Adaptation of Culture
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ZIGGURAT OF TEPE SIALK
Kashan, Iran - 3000 BCE
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PYRAMID OF DJOSER
Memphis, Egypt - 2610 BCE
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PYRAMID OF KHUFU
Cairo, Egypt - 2560 BCE
67
ZIGGURAT OF UR
City of Ur, Iraq - 2000 BCE
68
TOMB OF KING KASHTA
Meroe, Nubia - 500 BCE
69
QIN SHI MAUSOLEOM
Xi'an, China - 200 BCE
70
PYRAMID OF THE SUN
Teotihuacan, Mexico - 100 CE
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TOMB OF THE GENERAL
City of Ji'an, China - 300 CE
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BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
Java, Indonesia - 800 CE
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PRANG TEMPLE
Kol Ker, Cambodia - 940 CE
74
EL CASTILLO
Chichen Itza, Mexico - 1000 CE
75
PYRAMIDS OF GÜÍMAR
Chacona, Tenerife - 1700 CE
76
is the much more common process of patterns and traits passing back and forth from one culture to another.
DIFFUSION - Adaptation of Culture
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is a process that can be traced historically when a long established society breaks up into two or more independent units.
FISSION - Adaptation of Culture
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is the fusion of two or more cultures into a new one which is somewhat different from it's predecessors.
CONVERGENCE - Adaptation of Culture
79
the process of socialization plays a very important role in the development of every individual.
IMITATION - Modes of Acquiring Culture
80
this may take the form of formal teaching or training which may take place anywhere the individual finds himself interacting with his fellow humans.
INDOCTRINATION - Modes of Acquiring Culture
81
through the social norms prevailing in one's social and cultural milieu, the individual acquires a certain pattern of beliefs, values, behavior and actions, this process is further reinforced by a system of reward and punishments found in the culture system.
CONDITIONING - Modes of Acquiring Culture
82
as pointed out by Dean Champion and his associates, " the range of variations between cultures is almost endless and yet at the same time cultures are almost endless and yet at the same time cultures resemble one another in many important ways. " . all known cultures recognize certain categories that are often referred to as " culture universals ".
VARIABILITY AND CULTURE UNIVERSALS
83
this is a universal phenomenon. this arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality differently. the members of a society have the tendency to regard their culture as best, and superior to those of others.
ETHNOCENTRISM
84
standards are relative to the culture in which they appear, also known as cultural relativism.
CULTURAL RELATIVITY
85
in his book Folk ways, he argued that there are no universal moral standards of right and wrong and good and bad for evaluating cultural phenomena.
WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER
86
all humans tend to believe that their way of life, which has been handed down from generation to generation, is the "right" way.
CULTURE SHOCK
87
this means the dysfunctions in, or inability of a given society to adopt a culture immediately as a result of the disparity in the rate of change between the material and non-material elements of the culture.
CULTURE LAG concept expunded by WILLIAM OGBURN
88
"one thing that characterizes Filipino culture is culture dualism." the "east west" dichotomy in our culture.
CULTURAL DUALISM according to ONOFRE D. CORPUZ
89
in any society, there are groups of people who do not exactly meet their society's ideals. they share most of its norms, values, and beliefs, but they change some of society's ideals to reflect more closely their own needs.
SUBCULTURES
90
is composed of material objects and the techniques of their use by means of which people are able to live.
TECHNOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEM - Subsystems of Culture
91
the sum of those expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations that find their outlet in economic, political, military, religious and other associations.
SOCIOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEM - Subsystems of Culture
92
consists of the ideas, beliefs and knowledge of a culture and of the ways in which they are expressed in speech or other forms of communication.
IDEOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEM - Subsystems of Culture
93
refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. others use it to suppress a girl's sexuality or ensure her chastity.
FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
94
where does it happen, the female genital mutilation? (age 15 - 49)
AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA
95
it means that any cultural object or act may have multiple meanings.
CULTURAL INTEGRATION
96
no culture is, or has been, characterized by a permanently fixed set of material objects, system of organization, or even ideologies, although all of these may be long-enduring within a stable, isolated society.
CULTURAL CHANGE
97
implies changes to a culture that results from ideas created within the social group itself and adopted by the culture. it may involve non-material, material technology, social structure and interaction.
INNOVATION - Cultural Change
98
the process by which a concept, practice, invention, or substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories. usually happens when either people move to a new area and take their culture with them or information about an innovation can spread throughout a culture.
SPATIAL DIFFUSION - Cultural Change
99
the process by which one culture undergoes a major modification by adopting many characteristics of another, usually dominant culture group. it may occur in a conquered or colonized region.
ACCULTURATION - Cultural Change
100
is a system of formal and informal worship and belief in sacred and divine. it refers to a set of beliefs and practices that pertain to sacred things among community believers.
RELIGION
101
it is the latin word that means "to bind together" the bond between god and man.
RELIGARE - Religion
102
in his classical study, "The Elementary Form sof Religious Life" he defines religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things.
DURKHEIM
103
it means all the empirically observable things, those that are knowledgeable through common, everyday experiences, includes all that are not worthy of religious worship.
PROFANE - Religion divided two mutually exclusive categories
104
it consists of all things kept separate or apart from everyday experiences, things that are awe-inspiring and knowable only through extraordinary experiences, that transcend everyday existence; powerful, potentially dangerous.
SACRED - Religion divided two mutually exclusive categories
105
provide means for individuals to address or communicate with supernatural beings and forces.
RITUAL AND PRAYER - Elements of Religion
106
this consciousness in believers, recognize that such states may happen and believe that they may be the result of divine or sacred interventions in human affairs.
EMOTIONS - Elements of Religion
107
attempt to explain the origin and nature of sacred things. a system that usually includes a supernatural order and also often a set of values to be applied to daily life.
BELIEF - Elements of Religion
108
sects practice the latin on of hands whereby a healer channels into afflicted people and thus heals them.
DIVINE ENERGY - Belief - Elements of Religion
109
work of miracles simply because these objects were once associated with Jesus or the Saints.
RELICS - Belief - Elements of Religion
110
it is the reservoir of supernatural forces that are trapped, the source of the valued quality is a..
PERSONALIZED DEITY - Belief - Elements of Religion
111
structure where specialists can be recruited and trained, religious meetings conducted, an interaction facilitated between society and the members of the religion.
ORGANIZATION - Elements of Religion
112
religious beliefs are evident in all known contemporary cultures.
THE UNIVERSALITY OF RELIGION
113
associated with Homo sapiens at least since Neanderthal times, it graves suggest that the early people believe in an afterlife.
ARTI-FACTS - The Universality of Religion
114
it may have been fertility charms been found in widely separated archaeological sites.
SCULPTURES OF FEMALES WITH AMPLE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS - The Universality of Religion
115
the predominant images are animals of the hunt mag reflect a belief that the image had some power over events.
CAVE PAINTINGS - The Universality of Religion
116
anthropologist have theorized that early humans thought this could be made more successful if they drew images depicting good fortune.
HUNTING - The Universality of Religion
117
strong belief in the afterlife.
NEANDERTHAL CULTURE
118
It has been found where the dead were covered with flowers and buried with food along with the tools they need in the next life.
BURIAL PLOTS - Neanderthal Culture
119
fossils remain serious injuries, such as broken legs, which had healed completely evidence they cared for their sick and injured.
MEDICINE - Neanderthal Culture
120
he made objective comparisons between the religions of the fifty or societies he travelled to from his home in Greece. he noticed many similarities among their gods and pointed out evidence of diffusion of religious worship.
HERODUTUS early 5TH CENTURY BCE
121
generally account for the Universality of religion as a way of reducing anxiety or as a means of satisfying a cognitive need for intellectual understanding.
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
122
usually explain the universality of religion as a reflection of society and its social condition.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
123
human society possesses in different degrees are identified by espiritu.
TECHNIQUES OF RELIGION
124
the communication between a believer and supernatural power through speech. it is viewed talking to go or gods.
PRAYER - Techniques of Religion
125
expresses the desire to please the supernatural powers by gift-giving. it may also put the supernatural power under compulsion to repay the gift by doing what one wants.
SACRIFICE - Techniques of Religion
126
this refers to awe coupled with admiration, which one offers to the supernatural power.
REVERENCE - Techniques of Religion
127
this means to be controlled by foreknowledge of supernatural power.
DIVINATION - Techniques of Religion
128
this is a sacred prohibition against touching, mentioning, or looking at certain objects, acts, or people. it is a negative presentation of propritiatory devices, i.e., the person should abstain from certain acts which are presumably contrary to the desires of the gods.
TABOO - Techniques of Religion
129
these are patterns of behaviour or practices related to the sacred. it is defined as a prescribed way of performing religious acts and visible symbolic expressions of a religion.
RITUALS - Techniques of Religion
130
involves a number of interconnected and related rituals performed at a given time. it may be defined as a body of formally sanctioned observances learned by observation and experience that indicate an attitude to the supernatural.
CEREMONY - Techniques of Religion
131
a type of interaction with the supernatural is similar to religious beliefs but there is no worship of god or gods. instead, there is an active attempt to coerce spirits or to control supernatural forces. it is used to manipulate and control matters that seem to be beyond human control and that may involve danger and uncertainty.
MAGIC
132
anthropologists and other scholars have not come up with common reasons why people need religion, or how they first came to invent spirits, gods, and other supernatural beings and forces.
VARIATION IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
133
some people believe in supernatural forces that have no person-like-character, such as mana, which is thought to inhabit some object but not others.
SUPERNATURAL FORCES - Variation in Religious Beliefs
134
those of non human like god and spirits. those of human origin such as ghosts and ancestral spirits.
SUPERNATURAL BEINGS - Variation in Religious Beliefs
135
praying is asking. performing Voodoo is presumably compelling. when people believe their action can compel the supernatural to act in some particular and intended way anthropologists often refer to the belief and related as magic.
MAGIC AND RELIGION
136
attempts to invoke the spirits to work harm against people, use of materials, objects, and medicines.
SORCERY AND WITCHCRAFT
137
secret part-time specialist, who must be enlisted to invoke supernatural malevolence and know how to cause illness and death.
SORCERERS - Sorcery and Witchcraft
138
it is the greatest source of consolation and provides the individual with the peace of mind and comfort.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - one
139
helps the individuals to understand the meaning of his life. birth, maturity, marriage and death are celebrated and explained by practically.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - two
140
how simultaneously provides an interpretation of events in life as birth, puberty, marriage and death for the individual and links the individual to a larger community.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - three
141
helps the person develop a sense of identity and thus contributes to the integration of personality.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - four
142
form his concept of the world and the relationship between man and the universe. it makes the person become conscious of his strength and weakness.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - five
143
serves as a social marker, operates like ethnicity or race and as a mark of who they are and what they stand for.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - six
144
deeply involved in activities and commitments to beliefs, to learn more about the importance of it in people's daily lives.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - seven
145
to some individuals, it is a source status symbol in society.
FUNCTION OF RELIGION - eight
146
as a major social institution, perform a number of functions in society.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY
147
in many societies, they predominate in the family, in the political and educational institution.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - one
148
seek to make the moral and social orders more similar, actively endorse certain economic policies in some they may even lobby with the government.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - two
149
need to recruit and socialize members, sometimes they offer programs of instructions to ensure the individuals not only learn beliefs and spread it directly or indirectly through changing the social order.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - three
150
promotes social solidarity in the community by acting as a kind of social cement.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - four
151
offer codes of conduct, thereby reinforcing the moral order in the society. it is considered the chief function that provides the source of the ultimate moral order which is beyond question.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - five
152
helps to legitimize the established and dominant groups within the society.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - six
153
serves as a unifying and integrating force among people of different historical origins and racial backgrounds.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - seven
154
provides the interpretation of different events in a given society.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - eight
155
serve as a source of international contact.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - nine
156
to unify the social system in society, legitimize the foundation of society's culture and integrate the value system of society.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - ten
157
provides guidance and become a means of social control.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - eleven
158
perform welfare and recreational functions in addition to meeting spiritual needs. some also attend to the temporal and bodily needs of members.
RELIGION AND SOCIETY - twelve
159
it is hierarchically organized and has formal statements of beliefs and dogmas.
A CHURCH - Organization of Religious Life
160
this includes all the members of a society within one moral community. it does not aim to change any condition of social inequality created by the secular society and culture and it may legitimize them; like caste system.
THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH - Organization of Religious Life
161
extends itself to all members of society, promotes the ruling classes it has so completely adjusted its ethical system to the political structure of the secular society. because of this, it loses its adherence among the lower classes. like the Russian Orthodox Church
THE ECCLESIA - Organization of Religious Life
162
has no official or unofficial connection with the state, and any political involvement is purely a matter of choice by the leaders, they may either support or oppose any of the states of action or political position.
THE DENOMINATION - Organization of Religious Life
163
refers to a small religious group that adheres strictly to doctrine involving unconditional beliefs or forms of worship. it represents the withdrawal from secular society and an active rejection of secular culture.
THE SECT - Organization of Religious Life
164
is an organized group with the primary goal of changing and sometimes the state of education as well.
A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT - Organization of Religious Life
165
movement that prophecy the end of the world, the destruction of all evil people and their words and the saving of the just like revitalization movements they usually develop in times of stress and crises.
THE MILLERANARIAN MOVEMENT - Organization of Religious Life
166
movement that usually introduces totally new religious ideas and principles.
THE CULT - Organization of Religious Life
167
refers to the erosion of beliefs on the supernatural and is associated with modernization and industrialization. it includes a respect for values of rationality, cultural and religious pluralism and tolerance of moral ambiguity, faith in education and belief in civil rights, the rule of law and due process.
SECULARIZATION - Secularization, Sects, and Cults
168
secularization appeals to those who are concerned with worldly success, members of religion who have other worldly and spiritual concerns may break away to form new.
SECTS - Secularization, Sects, and Cults
169
often sects are formed in an effort to get back to the more basic or fundamental of the religion from which the member came.
FUNDAMENTALISM - Secularization, Sects and Cults
170
is a form of Protestantism which stresses the gospel of Jesus Christ and the validity of personal conversion experiences. they adopt biblical scripture as basis of their faith, and active preaching of the faith in ones home country and abroad.
EVANGELICALISM - Secularization, Sects and Cults
171
they claim that they're an authentic, cleansed version of the faith from which they split.
CULTS - Secularization, Sects and Cults
172
they claim to be full-fledged religious organizations that attempt to satisfy all the religious needs and converts.
SOCIAL MOVEMENT CULTS - Secularization, Sects and Cults
173
anthropologist who discovered remains of burials of Neanderthals, early members of the Homo Sapiens species, tied in fetal position with food and flowed petals, signs that early humans believed in life after death. the earliest available evidence for religious practices comes from Middle East.
RALP SOLECKI (1971) an anthropologist in Shanidar Cave in Iraq
174
belief system that postulates the existence of supernatural forces that can and often do influence human events. these forces are believed to inhabit animate and inanimate objects like people, trees, rocks, places, spirits or ghost.
SUPERNATURALISM - Major Types of Religion
175
the belief in animate, personalized spirits or ghosts of ancestors that take an active interest in and actively. they may be good or bad, not worshipped as gods be manipulated- frightened away, or made to appear-by using the proper magic rituals.
ANIMISM - Major Types of Religion
176
people who practice this belief in divine beings -gods and goddesses- who shape human affairs to this belief gods are powerful beings worthy of being worshipped.
THEISM - Major Types of Religion
177
the belief of the number of gods, each god and goddess has a particular area of responsibility or sphere of influence such as love and beauty, rain, war, strength and etc
POLYTHEISM - Theism - Major Types of Religion
178
the belief of existence in only one god, three religions are known to this - Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
MONOTHEISM - Theism - Major Types of Religion
179
focus is to achieve personal awareness, a higher state of being, and consciousness not on supernatural forces, spirits or being but on correct ways of thinking and behaving. like Buddhism, it's ideal is to become "one with the universe" by meditation and correct behavior.
ABSTRACT IDEALS - Major Types of Religion
180
a Greek word means "divine gift", the basis of these gifts is an unusual ability to form attachments with others.
CHARISMA
181
charisma; he used to indicate the ability of some people to inspire faith, to get others to believe their message.
MAX WEBER
182
appears to be the most widely practiced religion in the world today.
CHRISTIANITY - Major World's Religions
183
the single most important document and believed to have been inspired by god.
BIBLE
184
most important developments in the recent history of Catholicism was the ecumenical movement often referred to as..
LIBERALIZATION
185
sociologically, the non catholic is categorized by this, has often represented the opposite poles on a continuum. some are evangelicals and fundementalists, one third are belonging to the National Council of Churches
PROTESTANISM
186
next appears to be the largest world religion, emphasizes an uncompromising belief in one Sumpreme Being and strictly follows The Five Pillars.
ISLAM - Major World's Religions
187
heavily concentrated in north africa, middle east and parts of asia, religion that founded by..
PROPHET MOHAMMED in 17TH CENTURY
188
religion of Jesus, believers live all over the world but have a homeland in one deity, Jehovah, Yahweh or God, who cares for the world and for his chosen people, the Jews.
JUDAISM - Major World's Religions
189
is a kaleidoscope of many pieces, with no single founder, central hierarchy or final authority. all-embracing religion, social, economic, literary and artistic implications for society
HINDUISM - Major World's Religions
190
tends to flourish in areas of extensive migration, the doctrine of rebirth in new bodies, tend to justify social and economic inequalities in earth as the result of on purity or sinfulness.
REINCARNATION
191
ultimate goal is to achieve a state of nirvana or salvation, is open to all regardless of caste position.
BUDDHISM - Major World's Religion
192
which involves right seeing, thinking, speech, living, effort, mindfulness and meditation.
THE EIGHTFOLD PATH
193
the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering
misery is a major feature of life, misery originates from within ourselves from craving for pleasure, this craving can be eliminated and destinations can occur diligently on a specific path.
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
194
"the enlightened one"
SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA 6TH CENTURY BCE
