spatial interaction Flashcards
(35 cards)
the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities within and between areas.
SPATIAL INTERACTION
unmistakable, recurring, near-universal theme.
complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity, barriers, all play a role.
often occurs in a series of steps, or chain, like links
A. MIGRATION - PERMANENT RELOCATION
the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.
EMIGRATION - Two Kinds of Migration
the action of coming to live in a foreign country.
IMMIGRATION - Two Kinds of Migration
why people migrate?
social, economic, political and cultural (sepc)
distance
responses to poverty, population growth, environmental deterioration, war, famine
micro - macro moves
DECISION FACTORS
intercontinental
16th to 17th centuries, very little
19th to 20th centuries, huge movements
involve movements between countries
intracontinental
international
DISTANCE MIGRATION
from one region to another.
INTERREGIONAL - Internal Migration - Distance Migration
movement within a region.
INTRAREGIONAL - Internal Migration - Distance Migration
historic and recent, 10 - 12 million West Africans to : Caribbean, Central, South, and North America
British convicts to Australia, after 1780
FORCED MIGRATION - Types of Migration
in 1969, 8 million was moved by the government to less densely populated islands.
in 2000, 14 million international war refugees
both internal or external movements
RELUCTANT RELOCATION - Types of Migration
(push of and pull of factor)
push of:
poverty, overcrowding, war, famine, environmental degradation, loss of job
pull of:
perceived economic opportunity, safety, food, better climate, cleaner/safer environment, family
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION - THE LARGEST - Types of Migration
religious or political persecution, war, natural disaster, forced labour or famine.
INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION - Types of Migration
most migrants go only a short distance
longer distance migration favors large cities
most migration proceeds step by step
most migration is rural to urban
each migration flow produces a counter-flow
most migrants are adults; family moves are less likely to be international
most international migrants are young males
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION OBSERVATIONS e.g. RAVENSTEIN (1843-1913)
always occur - some migrants return to their place of origin.
u.s., from 1900-1980, out 80 million migrants, 10 million returned to their homeland
COUNTER MIGRATION - Types of Migration
can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together.
this process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural and political forces.
integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread of technology.
GLOBALIZATION
focuses on the importance of the world as a unit, rather than looking at individual countries.
it divides the world in to three regions: core countries, periphery countries, and semi-periphery countries.
THEORIES : WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY
includes areas like Western Europe and the United States. these countries have strong central government with enough tax to support it.
they are economically diversified, industrialized, and relatively independent of outside control.
they have strong middle and working classes, and focus on higher scope production of material goods rather than raw materials.
CORE COUNTRIES - Theories : World - Systems Theory
are those in Latin America and Africa, and tend to have a relatively weak government.
they tend to depend on only one type of economic activity like extracting raw materials.
there’s a high percentage of poor and uneducated people, as well as a small upper class which controls most of the economy. and this creates a huge inequality in the population.
these countries are greatly influenced by the core countries and transnational corporations.
which can harm the future economic potentials of the periphery countries.
PERIPHERY COUNTRIES - Theories : World - Systems Theory
like India and Brazil make up the middle ground between Core and Periphery.
they are often not dominant in international trade but they have a relatively diversified and developed economy.
SEMI - PERIPHERY COUNTRIES - Theories : World Systems Theory
proposes that all countries follow a similar path of development from a traditional to a modern society.
it assumes that with some help traditional countries can develop into modern countries in the same way that today’s modern countries developed in the first place.
it looks at the internal social dynamics as the country adapts to new technologies, and the political and social changes that occur.
MODERNIZATION THEORY - Theories : World Systems Theory
uses the idea of Core and Periphery countries from the world systems theory to look at the inequalities between countries.
basically, it is the idea that periphery or third world countries are poor and export resources to the wealthy core or first world countries.
not because they are in an earlier stage of development, but because they have been integrated into the world-system as an undeveloped country.
they have their own structures and features not seen in developed countries, and will nig accelerate to become a developed nation.
DEPENDENCY THEORY - Theories : World Systems
sees globalization as a legitimate process, a new age in human history.
countries economies become interdependent as the nation-states themselves become significantly less important.
the many individual countries become one global society, though theories don’t agree whether this is good or bad.
THE HYPER GLOBALIST PERSPECTIVE - Ways of Looking at Globalization
is critical of globalization, and considers today’s international processes as becoming regionalized rather than globalized. countries borders are not becoming less important.
the third world countries aren’t being integrated into the global economy with the same benefits as first world countries.
skeptics don’t believe that the current economy is leading towards global capitalism.
transnational corporations are still tied to their home country and national borders are as important as ever.
THE SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE - Ways of Looking at Globalization
doesn’t have either a specific cause or a specific outcome. they believe that the national government are changing, perhaps becoming less important, but it is difficult to describe the change so simply.
transformationalists just see that the world order is changing, into what specific patterns they are uncertain, just that the new world order design is developing.
they state that there are many factors that influence the change of the world patterns but that the outcomes of these changes is just not known.
THE TRANSFORMATIONAL PERSPECTIVE - Ways of Looking at Globalization
