Cultural variation

Question 1

key term: indigenous

Answer 1

originating from a particular place

Question 2

key term: emic

Answer 2

cultural uniqueness, all cultures are studied within own cultural context

Question 3

key term: etic

Answer 3

cross-cultural universality

Question 4

key term: imposed etic

Answer 4

where technique/ theory developed in one culture and then imposed on another

Question 5

key term: culture

Answer 5

the norms and values that exist within a group of people

Question 6

2 types of cultures

Answer 6

Individualistic Culture
- emphasizes personal independence + achievement, strong sense of competition
Collectivist Culture
- emphasizes family + work goals above individual needs, high degree interdependence between people

Question 7

key term: cultural variations

Answer 7

difference in norms and values between diff groups

Question 8

Study AIM: Van Ljzendoorn + Kroonenberg 1988 + 2 definitions

Answer 8

look at proportions of secure, insecure resistant + avoidant across a range of countries looking for cultural variation (INTER-CULTURAL)
looked at differences within same countries to get idea ba variations in culture (INTRA-CULTURAL)

Question 9

Study METHOD: Van Ljzendoorn + Kroonenberg 1988

Answer 9

META-ANALYSIS, 32 studies where Strange Situation used to investigate properotions of infants w diff attachment types, 8 coutries

Question 10

term: meta-analysis

Answer 10

researchers examine other results of studies instead of conducting new

Question 11

Study RESULT: Van Ljzendoorn + Kroonenberg 1988

Answer 11

• wide variation between proportions of attach types between countries (inter)
• secure attach most common- backs up SS
• highest prop secure- great britain
• avoidant most common- west Germany( indiv)
• resistant most common- israel (col)
• intra-cultural differences greater than inter

Question 12

Study CONCLUSION: Van Ljzendoorn + Kroonenberg 1988

Answer 12

secure attach norm in a wide range of cultures but cultural practices have influence on attach type

Question 13

how is the sample bias?

Answer 13

• to collectivist cultures
• only used 5 studies from collectivist cultures while they used 27 from individualistic cultures
• no studies from Africa and Australia
• findings misleading due to unrep sample
• culturally bias

large sample= population validity-> increasing internal validity and reducing impact of anomalous results caused by unsual p’s/bad methodology

Question 14

whats a positive of using a meta-analysis?

Answer 14

• conducted from indigenous researcher
• includes studies from researcher who had same cultural backgrounds as p’s
• avoids misunderstanding language
• increases validity

some of studies outside their onw culture so data may have been affected by difficulties in gathering data. some countries may be affected by bias

Question 15

whats a limitation of the methodology?

Answer 15

• imposing test designed for one culture to another
• imposed etic would occur as are applying technique from America to other cultures in SS
• UK- lack of affection on reunion may be seen as avoidant behav. Germany would likely see this as independent than insecurity
• comparisons may be useless

Question 16

Simonelli et al

Answer 16

• 76 babies 12 months using SS
• 50% secure, 36% insecure avoidant- lower rate of secure and higher avoidant than found in past
• more mothers work longer hours and use professional childcare. patterns in attachment not fixed

Question 17

strength of using the Strange Situation?

Answer 17

• standardised
• easier comparison
• higher reliability however imposed etic