cultural variations in attachment

Question 1

Who conducted the study on cultural variations in attachment?

Answer 1

Marinus van Izendoorn and Pieter Kroonenberg

Question 2

In what year was the study on cultural variations in attachment conducted?

Answer 2

1988

Question 3

What was the primary aim of van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research?

Answer 3

To assess cultural variation in attachment types across different countries

Question 4

How many studies did the researchers locate for their meta-analysis?

Answer 4

32 studies

Question 5

How many countries were involved in the attachment studies analyzed by van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg?

Answer 5

Eight countries

Question 6

What method was used to investigate attachment types in the studies?

Answer 6

The Strange Situation

Question 7

What was the total number of children involved in the studies analyzed?

Answer 7

1,990 children

Question 8

What was the most common attachment classification found across all countries?

Answer 8

Secure attachment

Question 9

What was the percentage of secure attachment found in Britain?

Answer 9

75%

Question 10

What was the percentage of secure attachment found in China?

Answer 10

50%

Question 11

In individualist cultures, what was the rate of insecure-resistant attachment compared to Ainsworth’s original sample?

Answer 11

Under 14%

Question 12

What was the rate of insecure-resistant attachment in collectivist cultures like China, Japan, and Israel?

Answer 12

Above 25%

Question 13

How much greater were the variations in results within the same country compared to between countries?

Answer 13

150% greater

Question 14

In one US study, what percentage of securely attached children was found?

Answer 14

46%

Question 15

In another US study, what was the percentage of securely attached children?

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

Which study conducted in Italy assessed attachment types in babies?

Answer 16

Alessandra Simonelli et al. (2014)

Question 17

How many babies were assessed in the Italian study?

Answer 17

76 babies

Question 18

What percentage of babies in the Italian study were found to be securely attached?

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

What percentage of babies in the Italian study were classified as insecure-avoidant?

Answer 19

36%

Question 20

What reason did researchers suggest for the lower secure attachment rates in Italy?

Answer 20

Increasing numbers of mothers working long hours and using professional childcare

boss bitch moms x

Question 21

Which researcher compared attachment types in Korea to other studies?

Answer 21

Mi Kyoung Jin et al. (2012)

Question 22

How many babies were assessed in the Korean study?

Answer 22

87 babies

Question 23

What was the general finding regarding secure and insecure attachment in the Korean study?

Answer 23

Most babies were secure

Question 24

What was notable about the distribution of insecurely attached babies in Korea?

Answer 24

More were classified as resistant, with only one baby being avoidant

Question 25

How do child-rearing styles in Japan and Korea relate to attachment types?

Answer 25

They are quite similar, explaining the similarity in attachment distributions

Question 26

What conclusion supports Bowlby's idea about attachment?

Answer 26

Secure attachment is the norm in a wide range of cultures

Question 27

What does the research indicate about the influence of cultural practices?

Answer 27

Cultural practices have an influence on attachment type

Question 28

What is a strength of research conducted by indigenous psychologists?

Answer 28

It enhances the validity of the data collected due to successful communication between researchers and participants. ## Footnote Indigenous psychologists share the same cultural background as participants, reducing misunderstandings and biases in cross-cultural research.

Question 29

What are indigenous psychologists?

Answer 29

Psychologists from the same cultural background as the participants. ## Footnote Examples include researchers like van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg who included studies by a German team and a Japanese researcher.

Question 30

What is a potential problem in cross-cultural research?

Answer 30

Bias due to one nation's stereotypes of another. ## Footnote This can affect the interpretation of data and the communication between researchers and participants.

Question 31

What is a counterpoint for cross-cultural research?

Answer 31

Morelli and Tronick (1991) were outsiders from America when they studied child-rearing and patterns of attachment in the Efé of Zaire. Experienced difficulties in data gathering from different cultured patricipants. ## Footnote Data may have been affected by bias and difficulty in cross-cultural communication.

Question 32

What is a limitation of cross-cultural research regarding confounding variables?

Answer 32

Studies often lack matched methodology, leading to confounding results. ## Footnote Factors like poverty, social class, and environmental variables can affect findings across different countries.

Question 33

What environmental factor can confound attachment research results?

Answer 33

The size of the room and the availability of interesting toys. ## Footnote Babies may explore more in small, attractive rooms, affecting classifications of attachment behavior.

Question 34

What does imposed etic refer to in cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 34

Assuming a technique that works in one cultural context will work in another. ## Footnote An example is the Strange Situation, where responses may be interpreted differently across cultures.

Question 35

Give an example of imposed etic in attachment research.

Answer 35

Interpreting lack of affection on reunion in the Strange Situation as avoidant attachment in Britain and the US, but as independence in Germany. ## Footnote This highlights the cultural context's impact on behavioral interpretation.

Question 36

What is the difference between emic and etic in cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 36

Emic refers to cultural uniqueness; etic refers to cross-cultural universality. ## Footnote These concepts help in understanding cultural differences in psychological research.

Question 37

True or False: Cross-cultural comparisons of attachment behaviors are always meaningful.

Answer 37

False. ## Footnote Behaviors measured may not have the same meanings in different cultural contexts.