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Ind. & Soc. > Culture > Flashcards

Culture Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Lewin (1935)

A

Understanding behavior requires examining both the person and the environment

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2
Q

Bruner (1990)

A

Cultural context. Individuals and culture influence each other.

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3
Q

Inner Core

A

History, identity, cultural beliefs.

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4
Q

Values

A

Long-enduring opinions about worth of an idea, object, person, place, practice.

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5
Q

Individualist Culture

A

Emphasize the individual, detachment from community, personal goals ahead of collective goals

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6
Q

Independent Self

A

Internal and private feelings and thoughts, stable, separate from social context

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7
Q

Collectivist Culture

A

Emphasis on collective, importance on community and relationships, roles, status within social system

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8
Q

Interdependent Self

A

External, public, roles, statuses, relationships, connected with social context, flexible

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9
Q

Mutual Constitution

A

Culture shapes behavior and, in turn, behavior shapes culture

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10
Q

Social Status

A

Position a person occupies

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11
Q

Status Set

A

All the statuses or positions a person occupies

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12
Q

Status Symbols

A

Signs that identify a status, allows others to recognize status

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13
Q

Roles

A

Behaviors, obligations, privileges attached to a status

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14
Q

Ascribed Status

A

Involuntary position

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15
Q

Achieved Status

A

Voluntary position you earn or accomplish

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16
Q

Master Statuses

A

Cuts across other statuses one holds (i.e. age and gender)

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17
Q

Ideology

A

Integrated system of ideas. Rationalizes way of life, provides moral standards, motivates social and political action

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18
Q

Classical Liberalism

A

A political ideology that values the freedom of individuals

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19
Q

Jacksonian Democracy

A

American west, the self-made man

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20
Q

Post-Reconstruction Era

A

Aims to disenfranchise African American voters through literary tests, poll taxes (fees to vote), and intimidation

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21
Q

Plessy V. Ferguson

A

“Separate but equal”

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22
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

Power in US Society shifts with money

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23
Q

Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer)

A

Survival of the fittest

Societies evolve from lower to higher forms.

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24
Q

New Deal Philosophy

A

Government has a responsibility to provide economic safety net. Mass welfare, reform, precursor to Modern Liberalism

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25
Modern Liberalism
Government power is a positive force in society, protecting individuals, ensuring fairness, reducing absolute inequalities
26
Modern Conservatism
Government power should be limited, individuals and business should enjoy maximum liberty
27
Symbol Systems
Language and gestures
28
Symbols
Something to which we attach meaning
29
Social Identity
Shared past, future, perspective, goal-directed behavior
30
Idiom
Phrases particular to a specific culture
31
High-Context Culture
Information is implicit, spoken words only contain a small part of the message
32
Low-Context Culture
Information is explicit, the message is mostly contained in the words spoken
33
Enculturation
Learning elements of ones culture
34
Socialization
Learning to interact with other people
35
Developmental Niche
Forms a child's world within which the child learns values and mores of the culture. Physical and social setting, customs of child care and child rearing
36
Agents of Socialization: Family
Cultural rules reinforced and passed on through how our parents interact with us
37
Parenting Styles Related to Social Class
Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative, Concerted Cultivation, Accomplishment of Natural Growth
38
Concerted Cultivation
Enrichment, navigate bureaucracy, success
39
Accomplishment of Natural Growth
Freedom, making connections with community
40
Nonmaterial Culture
Shared ways of communicating, behaving, and customs
41
Agents of Socialization: School
Teach culture, indirectly socialize, introduction to large organizations
42
Anticipatory Socialization
Learning about, practicing new role before one is in a position to play the role
43
Material Culture
Form, function, meaning
44
Social Institutions
Complex of positions, roles, norms, and values within a social structure. Emerge around a fundamental human need. (i.e. replacing members, socializing new members, production and distribution of goods and services)
45
Informal Institutions
Authority and status attained through interpersonal relationships or other non-structured means
46
Formal Institutions
Enable people who do not know each other to carry on relationships for the purpose of attaining specific goals.
47
Political Institutions
Some form of government
48
Religious Institutions
Formal systems involving beliefs, rituals, and community
49
Health Institutions
Meaningful health can differ by culture. Physical and mental health evaluated differently according to culture
50
Mary Wollstonecraft (1792)
Wrote first feminist work, A Vindication of the Rights of Women
51
First Wave Feminism (1840-1920)
Rights of citizenship: Vote, own property, get divorced, be educated, keep income and inheritance, retain custody of children. Suffrage movement and the world wars
52
Second Wave Feminism (1960-1988)
Fighting for full equality, control over own body, more power in voting and financial issues
53
Essentialist View of gender differences
Differences come from biological differences, fixed, invariant
54
Social Roles View of gender differences
Societies develop different gender roles, socialization is largely the cause of differences
55
Sex
Biological traits, chromosomes, physiology
56
Gender
Traits and behaviors, Social label
57
Hyde (2005)
Meta-Analysis of gender differences. 78% of effects measures were small or close to zero.
58
Gender difference in verbal performance
Girls acquire and become proficient with language earlier than boys
59
Gender difference in math performance
No difference. Boys show more confidence in performance in junior high. Giftedness is more common among men
60
Gender difference in spatial performance
Men are more proficient in special perception, mental rotation, and spatial visualization (find embedded figures)
61
Gender difference in wayfinding
Men use directions and a visual map, women use landmarks
62
Income
Money earned from wages, interest, investments, etc.
63
Wealth
Things people own; assets (stocks, real estate, savings bonds, cars, consumer goods)
64
Social Stratification
Division of society into layers (strata)
65
Social Class
Group of individuals who occupy similar social statuses
66
Macro Level Social Class Effects
Large-scale, societal effects
67
Micro Level Social Class Effects
Individual cognition and behavior
68
Functionalist Perspective
Complex societies depend on individuals occupying a variety of positions, develop systems of unequal rewards
69
Meritocracy
Position in social hierarchy is determined by individual merit, based on equality of opportunity
70
Closed system of stratification
Position in social hierarchy is ascribed
71
Open system of stratification
Position in social hierarchy is achieved, social mobility is possible
72
Social Mobility
Movement up or down socioeconomic ladder
73
Upward mobility
Better off than ones parents or better off than one used to be in a lifetime
74
Downward Mobility
Worse off than ones parents or worse off than one once was
75
Structural Mobility
Structural changes in society "push" and "pull" people into higher and lower social classes
76
Objective Social Class
Resources, symbols of wealth, social behaviors
77
Subjective Social Class Rank
Reputational prestige of occupation, perception of social class relative to others, internal perception of the world
78
Lower-class rank
Dependent on others, other-focused orientation, attribute poverty and wealth to educational opportunity and social forces
79
Upper-class rank
Independent of others, dispositional self-focused orientation, attribute poverty and wealth to talent and hard work

Ind. & Soc. (9 decks)

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