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Cultural Anthropology > Culture and Kinship > Flashcards

Culture and Kinship Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

Statement which suggests relationship between phenomina

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2
Q

Evolutionism

A
  • Darwin’s theory gaining prominence
  • Culture evolves from “lower” to “higher” forms
  • The direction of evolution was unilinear
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3
Q

Edward B Taylor

A
  • 3 Stages: Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization
  • Did include idea of cultural diffusion
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4
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A
  • A lawyer was fascinated with kinship systems
  • 7 stages: 1)Lower savagery: fruits and nuts; 2)Middle savagery: fire and fishing technology; 3)Upper savagery: bow and arrow; 4) Lower barbarism: pottery making; 5) Middle barbarism: domestication of plants and animals in the Old world, irrigation cultivation in the New world; 6)Upper barbarism: smelting of iron and use of iron tools; 7)Civilization: phonetic alphabet and writing
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5
Q

Franz Boas

A
  • Positivist: unbiased and objective
  • Inductive approach
  • Each culture moves along its own unique path
  • Significant impact on anthropology: Empirical research; Strongly against gender and racial discrimination & genetic determinism
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6
Q

Inductive approach

A

data collection -> theory

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7
Q

deductive approach

A

theory -> data collection

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8
Q

Bronislav Malinowski

A
  • Fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands
  • Functionalism
  • Two underlying principles: Universal function; Functional unity
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9
Q

Functionalism

A

No matter how bizarre a cultural item might at first appear, it had meaning and performed some useful function for the individual or the society

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10
Q

Leslie White

A
  • Cultures do evolve from simple to
    complex
  • Universal law: C=ET (complexity = energytechnology)
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11
Q

Julian Steward

A
  • MultiLinear Evolution
  • Limited causal principles
  • Interaction between culture and environment?
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12
Q

Marvin Harris

A
  • Cultural Materialism
  • Material conditions determine human
    consciousness & behavior
  • Relies on scientific method, quantification
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13
Q

Clifford Geertz

A
  • Interpretive Anthropology
  • Rejection of the role of theory and scientific
    method
  • Cultural anthropology: like literature & art
  • Rejects objectivity & positivism
  • Postmodernism: “Truth” is subjective & contextualized
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14
Q

Ethnography

A

process (fieldwork) and product (research piece)

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15
Q

Field work

A

participant observation

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16
Q

etic

A

Outsider’s POV

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17
Q

emic

A

Insider’s POV

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18
Q

Ethnographic encylopedism

A

As comprehensive as possible

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19
Q

Theory and description

A

Fieldwork to test a theory

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20
Q

Interpretive ethnography

A

Fieldwork that results in a story

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21
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

Missionary, salvage, or problem solving

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22
Q

Human Adaptation

A
  • Necessary to survive & reproduce
  • Humans adapt mainly through culture
  • Adaptation: Time and Energy, Tools and knowledge (technology), Resources available
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23
Q

Environment & adaptation

A
  • Environment & adaptation: links complicated
  • Carrying capacity: environment limits food production
  • Technology helps humans adapt to environment
  • Less complex technology does not lower intelligence
  • Optimal foraging theory
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24
Q

Five Adaptation Strategies

A
  1. Hunting & gathering
  2. Horticulture
  3. Pastoralism
  4. Agriculture/agrarian
  5. Industrialized
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25
Q

Hunting and Gathering

A
  • Collecting food – exploiting wild plants & animals
  • Historically: most common adaptation strategy
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26
Q

Generalizations of Hunting and Gathering

A
  • Low population density
  • Nomadic or semi-nomadic
  • Contemporary: inhabit marginal areas
  • Low levels of social, political, & economic complexity
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27
Q

Neolithic Revolution: Food Production

A
  • Approximately 10,000 BC
  • No agreed upon cause
  • Leads to a large population increase
  • Fertility rates increased (avg. births per woman)
  • People became more sedentary (property rights)
  • Division of labor increases
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28
Q

Horticulture

A
  • Human power: hoes or digging sticks
  • Swidden (shifting) cultivation: slash & burn
  • Does not support a high population density
  • The most efficient strategy?
  • May use tree, seed, and root crops
  • May supplement crops with other strategies
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29
Q

Pastoralism

A
  • Keeping domesticated herds
  • Groups tend to be mobile (Transhumance: men move with animals; Nomadism: men, women, and children move)
  • Pure pastoralism is rare?
  • Animals: not just for food
30
Q

Agriculture / Agrarian

A
  • Animal Power: Intensive cultivation & more complex technology
  • Harness more energy than horticulturalists
  • Leads to more people, labor, & capital investment
  • Necessary but not sufficient for urban societies
  • Contributes to more complex and stratified societies
31
Q

Industrialized Food Production

A
  • Machine Power: Motorized equipment, chemical & biological advances
  • Crops sold in complex market economies
  • Production comes at a cost
  • “As culture changes, things are different, not necessarily better”
32
Q

Universal Exchange & Economics

A

Allocate -> Produce -> Distribute

33
Q

Regulation & allocation

A

Resources controlled and allocated

34
Q

Production

A

Conversion of material resources

35
Q

Exchange

A

Distribution of commodities

36
Q

Allocation

A
  • Food collectors: No ownership of land & resources
  • Pastoralism: group ownership of animals (& pastures?)
  • Horticulture: Group ownership (kinship or extended group) - Agricultural or industrialized agriculture: Individual property rights (private ownership)
37
Q

Production

A
  • Obtaining and transforming resources into usable goods
  • Not random: systematic, organized, and patterned
38
Q

Division of labor by gender

A
  • Women: tend crops, gather & prepare food, care for
    children, fetch water, collect cooking fuel
  • Men: hunt, build houses, clear land, herd animals, political functionaries
39
Q

Division of labor by age

A
  • Children: lacking knowledge & strength,
    excluded from some tasks
  • Elderly excluded from some tasks
40
Q

Labor specialization

A
  • Least complex societies – age and gender
  • More complex societies: significant occupational specialization
41
Q

Reciprocity

A

Exchange without use of money

42
Q

Generalized reciprocity

A
  • Gift giving without expectation of immediate return
  • Hunters/gatherers & small scale societies: Predominate form of exchange
  • Vital to their economic self interest
43
Q

Balanced reciprocity

A
  • Goods and services of equivalent value will be
    returned within a specific period of time
  • More formal, greater social distance, stronger obligation to repay
  • Major motivation: exchange surplus goods & services for those in short supply
44
Q

Negative reciprocity

A
  • Exchange between equals in which the parties
    attempt to take advantage of each other
  • Impersonal or hostile relationships
  • Money is not used as a medium of exchange
45
Q

Redistribution

A

Goods given to a central authority & then distributed

46
Q

Bridewealth

A
  • Transfer of goods from groom’s to bride’s lineage
    as precondition of marriage
  • All lineages both receive & give goods
47
Q

Potlatch

A
  • Redistribution among Native Americans of the
    Northwest Coast
  • Host gives away or destroys personal possessions
  • Prestige = number of guests & amount given away
48
Q

Market Exchange

A
  • Buying & selling with standardized currency
  • characterized by money, prices, and supply and demand
49
Q

Defining Family

A
  • No one definition fits all societies
  • Family: Social unit, Economic cooperation, Reproduction &/or child rearing, Common residence
     Marriage: Socially approved union, regulates sexual & economic rights & obligations
50
Q

Marriage Exceptions

A
  • Not always “heterosexual”
  • Sex not always allowed
  • Not always permanent
  • Do not always live together
51
Q

Universal Incest Taboo

A
  • Every society forbids sex between some members of a kinship group
  • Most common: forbid sex between mothers & sons, fathers & daughters, brothers & sisters
  • Why Universal?: Natural aversion theory, Inbreeding theory, Family disruption theory, Expanding alliances theory
52
Q

Exogamy

A

must marry outside of group

53
Q

Endogamy

A

must marry within a group

54
Q

Arranged marriages

A

Interests of family stronger than individual’s

55
Q

Levirate

A

widow marries brother of dead husband

56
Q

Sororate

A

widower marries sister of deceased wife

57
Q

Group Marriage

A
  • Several men & women married to each other at same time
  • Uncommon and short lived
58
Q

Monogamy

A
  • One male and one female at a time
  • Western cultures: believed best form of marriage
59
Q

Polyandry

A
  • One wife, more than one husband
  • Found in less than 1 percent of societies
  • Often fraternal (husbands are brothers)
  • Why?: Shortage of females (infanticide), Economic factors
60
Q

Polygyny

A
  • One husband, more than one wife
  • 7 of 10 societies permit polygyny
  • linked to prestige and/or wealth
61
Q

Bride service

A
  • Men give labor in exchange for a wife
  • More common in nomadic societies
  • Occurs in about 15% of societies
62
Q

Dowry

A
  • Given from the bride’s family to the
    groom’s family
  • In some cases – a disincentive to divorce
  • 3% of societies in Murdock’s sample
63
Q

Woman exchange

A
  • Two men exchange sisters or daughters for wives
    for themselves, their sons, or their brothers
  • 3% of societies?
  • Perceived even exchange may be difficult
64
Q

Reciprocal exchange

A
  • Equal exchange between both families
  • 6% of societies
65
Q

Patrilocal

A
  • Live near or with relatives of the husband’s father
  • More likely where men hold and inherit property
66
Q

Matrilocal

A
  • Live with or near relatives of the wife
  • More likely where women control or own resources
67
Q

Avunculocal

A

Son lives with or near the mother’s brother

68
Q

Ambilocal

A

Married couple has a choice to live near or with
relatives of either husband or wife

69
Q

Neolocal

A

Couple forms an independent household

70
Q

Nuclear family

A
  • Parents & children (two generations)
  • Found more where ties to kin are weaker
  • Found more in geographically mobile societies
71
Q

Extended families

A
  • More likely where kin ties are more important than
    marriage ties
  • Three generations or brothers with wives
  • Common in pastoral, horticultural, & agrarian societies

Cultural Anthropology (2 decks)

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