Final Exam

Question 1

Kinship

Answer 1

• often based on biological or marriage ties
• all cultures have well defined systems of defining relatives

Question 2

consanguineal

Answer 2

biological kinship

Question 3

Affinal

Answer 3

kin by marriage

Question 4

fictive kin

Answer 4

kinship terms applied to nonkin

Question 5

Why do anthropologists focus on kinship?

Answer 5

various dimensions of culture are interconnected

Question 6

Kinship function

Answer 6

• not solely based on biological or marriage ties
• Cultural roles determine kinship

Question 7

Vertical kinship function

Answer 7

binds together multiple generations

Question 8

Horizontal kinship function

Answer 8

binds together across a generation

Question 9

Kinship classifications

Answer 9

• generations
• marriage
• social condition
• gender
• relative age
• kinship by milk

Question 10

Unilinear

Answer 10

ancestry through the mother’s or father’s line, not both

Question 11

double descent

Answer 11

matrilineal and patrilineal

Question 12

ambilinear

Answer 12

choose between mother and father

Question 13

bilateral

Answer 13

equally related

Question 14

Eskimo classification

Answer 14

bilateral descent

Question 15

Hawaii classification

Answer 15

ambilineal

Question 16

Iroquois classification

Answer 16

unilinear

Question 17

Omaha classification

Answer 17

patrilineal

Question 18

Crow classification

Answer 18

matrilineal

Question 19

Sudanese classification

Answer 19

patrilineal

Question 20

Sex

Answer 20

biological

Question 21

Gender

Answer 21

• two sexes perceived, evaluated and expected to behave
• a cultural construct

Question 22

Gendered division of labor

Answer 22

• mass and body strength (women hunt)
• childcare (work took precedence over childcare)
• adaptation (women gathers in HG; women food prep, work with domesticated animals in Agrarian)

Question 23

Status

Answer 23

multidimensional; varies across societies

Question 24

All known societies

Answer 24

• some relatively egalitarian
• many patriarchal societies
• no societies where women as a group are dominant

Question 25

What influences status?

Answer 25

- women's contributions to maternal welfare and role in distributing these resources - descent post marital residence and inheritance - overal complexities of societies

Question 26

Egalitarian society

Answer 26

Food gathering

Question 27

In which societies does egalitarian decline?

Answer 27

horticulture, agrarian, and industrial

Question 28

When does egalitarianism increase?

Answer 28

In industrial societies

Question 29

Status and Language

Answer 29

- differing statuses reflected in language - in some cultures, genders use different vocabularies - genders may have differing speech patterns

Question 30

Defining religion

Answer 30

- "belief in spiritual beings" - a set of symbolic forms and acts which relate [humanity] to ultimate conditions of their existence - beliefs and symbols... pertaining to a distinction between empirical and super-empirical reality

Question 31

Westerners view

Answer 31

science and logic, empirical

Question 32

Religion

Answer 32

super-empirical; not be demonstrated

Question 33

Anthropological focus

Answer 33

identify, function, and adhere, affect human behavior

Question 34

Social control

Answer 34

Positive and negative sanctions encourage acceptable behavior and discourage inappropriate behavior

Question 35

Conflict resolution

Answer 35

may reduce stress and frustration that leads to social conflict

Question 36

Group solidarity

Answer 36

express identity in emotionally charged environment

Question 37

Cognitive functions

Answer 37

may explain the unexplainable

Question 38

Emotional function

Answer 38

- helps individuals cope with anxieties accompany misfortune - less control over life; more turning towards supernatural - real in their consequences

Question 39

Individualistic Cults

Answer 39

- no religious cults - predominate in small scale band societies - establishing special relationship with a spirit - established through dreams, fasting, body mutilation, smoking hallucinogenics, or isolation

Question 40

Shamanistic

Answer 40

- simplest division of labor - supernatural power through birth, training or inspiration - have access to supernatural spirit - ability to contact the spirit at will - becomes spokesperson for the spirit

Question 41

Communal cults

Answer 41

groups of ordinary people conduct religious rites and ceremonies for a larger community

Question 42

rites of passage

Answer 42

- to mark the change in persons status - to recognize a a wider set of altered social relationships

Question 43

rites of solidarity

Answer 43

- rites directed towards welfare of community

Question 44

Ecclesiastical cults

Answer 44

- most complex religious organization - full time clergy formally elected or appointed - rituals at regular intervals - hierarchal or bureaucratic organization - may be linked to central government and use myths and beliefs to support the ruling class - few women serve because of the link between ruling and religion - clear distinction between laypersons and clergy

Question 45

laypersons

Answer 45

provide money and labor

Question 46

clergy in ecclesiastical cults

Answer 46

priests conduct rituals on behalf of the lay population