culture and symbols

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

part of the environment created by humans

• leanred shared and transmitted through time
• total way of life that we aquire from being a member of aparticular group
• our ocial heritage and legacy

Question 2

material culture

Answer 2

any phyical substance changed for the use by human

–outgrowth of nonmateria culture

Question 3

non material culture

Answer 3

ideas, values, customs, beliefs

Question 4

cultural proscription

Answer 4

something you are not supposed to do

Question 5

cultural precription

Answer 5

things culture tells you to do

Question 6

cultural presctiption and procription are _______

Answer 6

deeply internalized

Question 7

culture is a ____________

Answer 7

system of norms and value

Question 8

value

Answer 8

expression of preference withditinct moral overtones

• -idea we should or ought to want
• – tells us what we want
• — what society says we need to have a good life

discover values through words and actions

Question 9

ideology is a interrelated set of beliefs that attempts to:

Answer 9

1) expain and justify the perpetuation of a given tate of affairs (dominant idieology - want to stay the way it i because already have the power)
2) argues and provides a rational to change the given state of affairs ( counter ideology - want to change, but dont have the power)

Question 10

types of norms list

Answer 10

folkway
more
law

Question 11

types of norms: folkway - “way of the folk”

Answer 11

a norm that is informally inforced
-associated with weak sanctions

• emerge: everywhere social life i characterized by problems
  i) we have to adapt to physical environment
  ii) we have to adapt to social environment
• —mainly social choices - chooe one solution that work for us (ie greetings, handshakes)

Question 12

types of norms: more

Answer 12

asociated with strongly emotional response – santions are strong

emergence: gradually over a period of time out of the customary ways of doing things considered vital t the group

time 1: neutral
time2: told not to (ie by elders)
time 3: disobedient
time 4; transformed into an almost sacred a\absolute and the origional basis of the proscription i forgotten – becomes over time elf perpetuation and elf validating

we internalize mores - diffcult to commit the forbidden act

Question 13

types of norms: law

Answer 13

• consciously enacted for a particular purpose
• what constitutes as a violation is more or less specifically states
• punishment i more or less specifically state
• enforced bu organs of government

Question 14

ideal and real:

Answer 14

ideal: formally approved and deliberately taught - ie must tell truth - thru primary socialization
real: what actuall happens

when clash b/w real and ideal –> form of rationalization

Question 15

whole

Answer 15

more than the sum of the individual parts (ie construction)

– how marts interrelate, “the design”

Question 16

cultural disintegration

Answer 16

invasion: enter the territory of another without going through the proper ritual for entry without invitation

Question 17

violation

Answer 17

make use of a terrtory for which it was not origionally intended

Question 18

turf defense

Answer 18

ultimate response when we no longer tolerate the intruder/invasion

Question 19

culture lag

Answer 19

2 interrelated parts of culture change at different rates so that one part lagsbehind the other

Question 20

sub culture

Answer 20

clusters of patterns related to and yet different from those of the larger society

Question 21

contraculture

Answer 21

cluters of patterns that not only differ but also sharply violate thoe of the larger culture

—possible to be somewhere inbetween sub and contra culture

Question 22

ethnocentrism

Answer 22

that view of things in which our own group is viewed aas being the center of everything - all other groups are ranked and scaled relative to our
-social extension of the peronal perspective on the world

Question 23

cultureak relativism

Answer 23

try to understand other group in terms of their own cultural context

Question 24

xenocentrism

Answer 24

idea tht somehow the elements of our culture are inferior to those of other cultures

Question 25

human socialization

Answer 25

we lack intinct | -instinct is composed of a complicated set of reflex actions

Question 26

instinct

Answer 26

an unlearned behaviour unnder the control of mechanisms within the organism and stimuli from without

Question 27

reflex

Answer 27

an isolated and simple unlearned stimulus response set

Question 28

imprinting

Answer 28

the modifiction of an instinct | -the external stimulus to which the instinct is stretched is learned during a fixed and critical stage

Question 29

drives

Answer 29

organic tensions that arse within the body - we learn the ways and objects we use to satisfy drives

Question 30

if humans operated on the basis of intinct then:

Answer 30

we would have inflexible behaviour patterns -however, humans must be flexible to fit into cultural context into which they are born -humans havehigh flexibility, but also high vulnerabilit (epecially as infants)

Question 31

symbols

Answer 31

communcation at the level of conventional signs and communication at the level of natural signs -occurs when the organism discovers that a movement, sound, smell, etc., regularily preceeds or is associated with something else (the referent) - the stimulus (sign) and that which it represents (the referent) are bound together in the same time and pace framework the stimulus is an integral part of the larger meaning

Question 32

symbols derive a shared meaning solely on the fact that:

Answer 32

a communtiy of people agree to let something represent something else... outside of this agreement there is no relation between a symbol and its referent

Question 33

symbols have ____ and _____ refernts.... symbols remove limits on ________

Answer 33

arbitrary, conventional remove limits on what we can communicate about. we can communicate about the "not here" and the "not now"

Question 34

what is our means to break through the barriers of time

Answer 34

human language ---- we can preserve our past in history, myths, stories

Question 35

role taking:

Answer 35

put elf in imagined position of the other and anticipate how they undertand and will respond

Question 36

self

Answer 36

that which has the capacity to view itself as object | for successful interaction and communication we must role take and then role make --- assumes self

Question 37

norms, roles, pos roles:

Answer 37

1- vary in exactness 2- roles regulate external actions and internal sentiments and emotions 3- every role has a self, waiting for us (situated identity) 4- if appropriate self for roles not immediately present we can often manufacture it over time