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1
Q

the ____ of sociology as a distinct social science are rather ______ because sociology as a discipline in its own right did not emerge until the late _____ and early _____

A

boundries, loose, 1800, 1900s

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2
Q

sociology is the

A

youngest of social sciences

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3
Q

until late 1800s early 1900s sociologists (marx, weber, parsons) spent early careers in

A

economics

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4
Q

economics developed pecializedareas in mid 1900s such as

A

tech analyis, wages, employment

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5
Q

modern day: influencial people such as Bouldings are

A

moulding sociology and economics back together

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6
Q

anthropology vs scoiology

A

anth=physical/arch, soci=social/culture

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7
Q

poli sci vs soci

A

poli sci= most distinc origins, study of constitutional law, formal power (heirarchy/titles) soci=more so interested in informal power

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8
Q

psych vs soci

A

psych= happen w/in people, basic unit of analysis in the individual intra-individual proces soc=basic unit of analysis is interactions (inter=between)

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9
Q

pupilometry

A

conditions that effect the pupil of your eye babies– womens eyes dialate women – mens eyes dialate -people are seen as most attractive when pupils dialated

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10
Q

sociology deals with

A

the social determinants of behaviour

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11
Q

social

A

at least 2 people - deals with the social forces that come into play with the rival of society eg: alone vs with other alone=creature releases with others: limb discipline - sit up, tighten face, etc. – look presentable -this concept of discipline breaks down when with people you are close/comforatable with

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12
Q

embarrassment

A

when an appropriate identity is lost and an inaproppriate

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13
Q

social definition

A

society brings a set of rule, constricts our actions -on ther hand, society open up avenues for action (cheering, laughing)

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14
Q

Simmel says what?

A

the nature of social interaction varies sytematically with the # of people who are present –difference in interaction between group of 2 and group of 3 in greater than the diff between a group of 3 and a group of 20

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15
Q

dyad

A

group of 2, more intemate -closer, more eye contact, increase chance of touching, emotional release -more attention per person, reply everytime -no posible coalition – easier to asssign who did what in dyad vs a triad

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16
Q

triad

A

group of 3, more impersonal, topic of safe supplies -takes less attention, dont need to reply each time -posible coalition

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17
Q

simmel says as the # of people in a group goes beyond 3,

A

emergence of subgroups, from these subgroups leader that manage the expressive and intrumental needs (task orientation)

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18
Q

attitude of everyday life - (garfunkle, shultz)

A

a perspective we employ in day to day activitie

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19
Q

Interest in social action (acts of will) vs behaviour

A

Social action - between stimulus and response is interpretation - respond based on personal political orientation

behaviour – stimulous evokes reaction

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20
Q

Characteristics of attitude of everyday life

A

Tend to view the world around us from a personal perpective (as opposed to a general objective perspective) -see ourselves as centre of universe (world revolves around us) We interpret and perceive the world in terms of selective perception - selective attention:we attend to those aspects of the situation we consider relèvent to out action interests of the moment -selective inattention - we disattend those aspects we consider less important to our actions interests of the moment – we tend to see what we expect to see

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21
Q

Why do we practice selective perception

A

1) too many events, cannot absorb them all 2)physical limitations (ie limited eyesight) 3) social constraints (rules of etiquette)

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22
Q

What does what we selectively attend to depend on

A

1)past experiences 2) present feelings 3) the role we are currently enacting, groups we belong/identify with

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23
Q

Active role in interpreting

A

Something happens, interpret, respond

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24
Q

Membership vs reference group

A

Membership group, belong to and has a direct impact on us through sanctions

Reference group - identify with, social unit with which we identify, provides a background against which we evaluate things including ourselves as social actors

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25
Norms
An idea shared by a group concerning how the members are expected or ought to morally act under certain circumstances and conditions along with positive or negative sanctions. Groups expel people who violate groups rules
26
3 characteristics of attitudes of everyday life
1. Personal perspective 2. Inevitability of routinizatiin 3. Respond to world in typifications
27
Personal perspective
Look at selves as centre of universe
28
Inevitability of routinization
Importance of routines - routines, confers table world Routines: bring trust, allow us to coordinate activities Reality comes when we take routine for granted (ontological security)
29
Typifications
Cannot record all details, create generalized conception Stereotype: a general pattern of social characteristics and behaviours expected of anyone who holds a particular social identity in a particular situation (Based in face, ethnicity, role... expect similar behaviour of anyone who shares particular stereotype)
30
Stereotypes influence
Selective attention/inattention - influences how we think/act
31
Use of sterotypes
Topics of safe supplies -eg if you know someone is a university student then use prepackaged ideas if uni to ask questions
32
Problems of stereotypes
Few people got all aspects of a stereotype: --attribute characteristics to people who do not posses said characteristic .... "error of commission" Error of omission: fail to attribute characteristics to people who are always variable --respond to people based on images vs reality
33
Context for social interaction (social structure)
Social relationships that are sufficiently stable, patterned, récurrent so that we can identify them as objects in their own right (Ie structure of a uni class)
34
Micro vs macroworld
Micro- more intimate world of face to face interaction (ie the classroom) Macro- the vast, impersonal behind the scenes structures that envelop penetrate and organize much of which occurs in face to face interaction (Microworld is embedded in macro world
35
CW Mills - the sociological imagination ("the promise")
Live in troubled times- full of surprises. - private trouble =how we react to something individually Biography --\> social structure --\> history Biography (interactions) only make sense in social context, look at situation historically
36
Nature of social world
Largely invisible (cannot touch or see) - composed of relational concepts defined in terms of each other
37
Norm, role, social positions
Norm- an idea shared by a group concerning how members are expected to act under certain circumstances and conditions along with positive or negative sanctions Role- interrelated set of norms - job is to link social positions together Social positions - linked. H a set of reciprocal ties bag take the form of rights and duties
38
Role set
A set of norms that logically fit together. Every social position you occupy --\> build a role set --\> break role set into sectors --\> break down into subroles
39
Our social world is largely invisible - results in
Methodological issues - sociology based on observations - how do we study invisible social world. 2 fundamental principles:
40
2 fundamental principles: (&( how we study invisible social world)
1) social influences though not directly observable may have observable consequences.... therefore the social world is real because it is real in its consequences 2) the invisible and I detect nature of the social world makes it subject to considerable interpretation -form of interpretation comes from what you already know
41
Social conditions that had to come together for sociology to occur
1) rapid social change 2) environment where people are free to question
42
The scientific attitude
-how all people or groups of people are likely to act under certain conditions -we attempt to abstract from personal perspective - those elements held in common and disregard those elements that are purely personal idiosyncratic in character
43
2 important concepts of scientific attitude
1) reliable (consistant, predictable) 2) valid (measure we claim to measure)
44
Methodological issues of scientific attitudes
1) be aware of / identify the problem ("Hawthorne effect" - impact the observer on the people being observed) 2) take advantage of cumulative nature of science - Do your results mesh with others findings -obligations to make findings public -make use of variety of research methods -hope weaknesses of one method compensated by strengths of another
45
Sociology techniques
1)survey 2)experiments 3) participant observation 4)unobtrusiveness -
46
Characteristic of a scientific perspective
-adopt posture of doubt -take nothing for granted except basic assumptions (order exists, explain in naturalistic terms)
47
Social science - have to be wary of
Explanations --- (is folk wisdom)
48
Scientific characteristic
-develop scientific typifications -differ from everyday typifications in 2 important ways 1) scientific attempt to construct concepts from everyday typifications 2) scientific are self consciously developed to increase knowledge --- définitions précisé so can be shared ---- transform practical consciousness
49
Concept
An idea that refers to a category of events -need unity amidst a diversity of individual cases
50
Ideal experimental design
Random Sample - every member of the population being studied has an equal chance of being included
51
Logic of the experiment
Consists of making events occur (we change things) - take observations of effects under controlled conditions so that what is done (changes) and what happens (effects what we openly revealed)
52
Asch - does group pressure (ind var) influence perception of an unambiguous stimulus
-- match lines of different lengths - 1/3 of nieve subjects conformed to group pressure at least 1/2 of the time
53
Theory
Conceptual processes involved in making sense of our empirical findings
54
It is by means of theory that we
1) accumulate info (interpret regularities we find) 2) interpret and explain info by searching for principle that governs behaviour in question 3) search for the principle that logically accounts for the variation in the dependant variable
55
The goal of science
Interrelate theory and methods so that we can describe explain and predict. Goal to continually change the truth
56
Interrelate theories and method
Info --\> subject to method --\> creates new info --\> another method
57
Subjective
Human society is constituted and maintained by the subjective meanings we attribute to our actions and to the world -humans operate on the basis of an arbitrary system of symbols (language) Eg 1) self definition of a situation i) make definition of situation(hasn't yet happened and or is false) ii) act on basis of def'n iii) bring into existence situation as we defined it Eg 2) Rosenthal - gave children IQ test - told teachers kids were smart when they actually weren't - teachers treat them like they are smart - actually become smart
58
Objective dimension
Society precedes us -- -study social facts as objects in their own right because they share an existence external to us and they constrain us to act in particular ways Study social facts - Durkheim -study social works in same fashion as physical world
59
Degree of association - correlational techniques
Attention to relate 2 or more variables to see how highly coordinated they are, and at the same time control for other influencing factors -- can see if out assumed correlated indépendant variable is indeed the true casual variable --- if the assumes ind var is shown to correlate with the dependant variable but is also shown not to be the true casual variable then it is termed
60
Durkheim suicide (1897)
At the time - people seen as insane if commit suicide -thinks social explanation can explain suicide -if you can show that "social forces, social factors" influence suicide - then make a place - sociological thought Research - have to look back at what has been previously said Found men commit suicide more then men Jewish community least likely

Sociology exam 2 (5 decks)

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