Cum Exam Extras

Question 1

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 1

Nature - Genes

Nurture - Everything else

Question 2

Activity vs Passivity

Answer 2

Active - Children are the guiding force of their own development, e.g. cognitive
Passive - Children are affected by their enviroment and are a product of that, e.g. behaviorism

Question 3

Continuity vs discontinutiy

Answer 3

Continuous - Age related changes occur gradually

Discontinuity - Large shifts that are qualitively different

Question 4

John Locke

Answer 4

Blank slate! Nurture!

Question 5

Rousseau

Answer 5

A “natural unfolding” or nature perspective.

Question 6

Freud

Answer 6

Psychoanalytic Theory, 1st to believe
in the IMPORTANT influence that early
experiences have on later development

Theories not testable!

Question 7

Freud stage theories & Consciousness

Answer 7

–Oral Stage (0–1 year) 
–Anal Stage (1–3 years) 
–Phallic Stage (3–6 years) 
–Latency (6–12 years) 
–Genital (12+ years)

• ID, Ego, Superego

Question 8

Watson

Answer 8

• Created behaviorism in response to Freud’s ideas about development
• Classical conditioning, influenced by Pavlovs work

Question 9

Piaget

Answer 9

Cognitive development in stages

Question 10

Behaviorism

Answer 10

– Conclusions about human behavior should be based on observable behaviors
– Focus on learning from environment
– No inborn tendencies
–CONTINUOUS

Question 11

Piaget Stages

Answer 11

• Sensorimotor, Birth to 18–24 months old, Object permanence
• Preoperational, 2 to 7 years old, Symbolic thought
• Concrete operational, 7 to 11 years old, Operational thought
• Formal operational, Adolescence to adulthood, Abstract concepts

Question 12

Vygotsky

Answer 12

Sociocultural Theory

Question 13

Chomsky

Answer 13

Nativist Language Learning,
Language Acquisition Device vs. Empiricist
View of language development

Question 14

Thelen

Answer 14

Dynamic Systems Theory (holistic

nature of development)

Question 15

Types of research designs

Answer 15

1) Longitudinal
2) Cross-sectional
3) Longitudinal- Sequential

Question 16

Infant Evaluation Methods

Answer 16

a) Preferential Looking Paradigm
b) Habituation
c) Violation of Expectancy
d) Eye Tracking
e) High-Amplitude Sucking Paradigm
f) Infant Kicking
g) fMRI & EEG

Question 17

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Answer 17

Our development as an individual mimics the development of the species

Question 18

C- shaped Development

Answer 18

Cepholacaudal

Question 19

Synaptogenesis & Synaptic Pruning

Answer 19

Synapse formation –> development of axons and dendrites ––>Over production

–> Prune shit away, “use it or lose it”

Question 20

Gottsman’s Reaction Range

Answer 20

The expressed characteristics (or phenotype) of an organism depend both on genetic characteristics (or genotype) and the environment

Question 21

Language - Nativist

Answer 21

Language acquisition device allows any child to develop an implicit understanding and infer the rules governing others’ speech and to use these rules to produce language

Evidence for: Only humans have shown ability to acquire knowledge of syntax without formal training, sensitive periods for language development, creolization of pidgin language by second generation

Evidence against: sensitive period data shaky, some non human primates are sensitive to some aspects of lang, creolization may simply reflect human sensitivity to rules and an ability to learn codes than reflect innate knowledge

Question 22

Experience Expectant

Answer 22

One that we as humans come to expect to occur during tenure on earth

Question 23

Experience Dependent

Answer 23

What environment you’re born into and how it affects you; Makes you YOU!!!

Question 24

3 Types of synapse formation

Answer 24

– Gene driven
– Experience Expectant Development: synapse overproduction stage
– Experience dependent: synaptic pruning

Question 25

Fetal Learning and the Role of Prenatal

Stress

Answer 25

The prenatal environmental experience of chronic stress can affect postnatal temperament of child (i.e. “anxious” “fearful” “nervous”)

The Mechanism? HPA Axis