Cum Exam Extras Flashcards
lol cum (25 cards)
Nature vs Nurture
Nature - Genes
Nurture - Everything else
Activity vs Passivity
Active - Children are the guiding force of their own development, e.g. cognitive
Passive - Children are affected by their enviroment and are a product of that, e.g. behaviorism
Continuity vs discontinutiy
Continuous - Age related changes occur gradually
Discontinuity - Large shifts that are qualitively different
John Locke
Blank slate! Nurture!
Rousseau
A “natural unfolding” or nature perspective.
Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory, 1st to believe
in the IMPORTANT influence that early
experiences have on later development
Theories not testable!
Freud stage theories & Consciousness
–Oral Stage (0–1 year) –Anal Stage (1–3 years) –Phallic Stage (3–6 years) –Latency (6–12 years) –Genital (12+ years)
- ID, Ego, Superego
Watson
- Created behaviorism in response to Freud’s ideas about development
- Classical conditioning, influenced by Pavlovs work
Piaget
Cognitive development in stages
Behaviorism
– Conclusions about human behavior should be based on observable behaviors
– Focus on learning from environment
– No inborn tendencies
–CONTINUOUS
Piaget Stages
- Sensorimotor, Birth to 18–24 months old, Object permanence
- Preoperational, 2 to 7 years old, Symbolic thought
- Concrete operational, 7 to 11 years old, Operational thought
- Formal operational, Adolescence to adulthood, Abstract concepts
Vygotsky
Sociocultural Theory
Chomsky
Nativist Language Learning,
Language Acquisition Device vs. Empiricist
View of language development
Thelen
Dynamic Systems Theory (holistic
nature of development)
Types of research designs
1) Longitudinal
2) Cross-sectional
3) Longitudinal- Sequential
Infant Evaluation Methods
a) Preferential Looking Paradigm
b) Habituation
c) Violation of Expectancy
d) Eye Tracking
e) High-Amplitude Sucking Paradigm
f) Infant Kicking
g) fMRI & EEG
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Our development as an individual mimics the development of the species
C- shaped Development
Cepholacaudal
Synaptogenesis & Synaptic Pruning
Synapse formation –> development of axons and dendrites ––>Over production
–> Prune shit away, “use it or lose it”
Gottsman’s Reaction Range
The expressed characteristics (or phenotype) of an organism depend both on genetic characteristics (or genotype) and the environment
Language - Nativist
Language acquisition device allows any child to develop an implicit understanding and infer the rules governing others’ speech and to use these rules to produce language
Evidence for: Only humans have shown ability to acquire knowledge of syntax without formal training, sensitive periods for language development, creolization of pidgin language by second generation
Evidence against: sensitive period data shaky, some non human primates are sensitive to some aspects of lang, creolization may simply reflect human sensitivity to rules and an ability to learn codes than reflect innate knowledge
Experience Expectant
One that we as humans come to expect to occur during tenure on earth
Experience Dependent
What environment you’re born into and how it affects you; Makes you YOU!!!
3 Types of synapse formation
– Gene driven
– Experience Expectant Development: synapse overproduction stage
– Experience dependent: synaptic pruning
